Evolution Of Speaker Manufacturing English Language Essay

Evolution Of Speaker Manufacturing English Language Essay A speaker is an electrical device that converts electrical signals to mechanical motion in order to create sound waves. A transducer, which is another name for a speaker, is a device that converts one form of energy to another. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water. The first electrical speaker, patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, was for the earpiece of the telephone. This design was later improved upon by Ernst Siemens and Nicola Tesla in 1877 and 1881 respectively. Siemens and Tesla used a metal horn driven by a membrane attached to a stylus to create the design of what would be the basis for the modern speaker. Thomas Edison was working on a design at this time using compressed air as the amplifying mechanism. He quickly found this was not the most effective way to create the mechanical waves that produce sound. He quickly withdrew his application for a patent an d settled on the metal horn design. The metal horn speaker is a speaker which can be found on antique record players. Metal Horn Speaker Moving Coil Speaker The modern design of the moving coil driver was established by Oliver Lodge in 1898. Lodge was a British physicist and writer that was involved in many key patents involving wireless telegraphy. In 1915, Magnavox emerged as the first public company to produce a loudspeaker. This design was the first practiced use of the moving coil drivers in a loudspeaker. Magnavox was started in that same year by Edwin Pridham and Peter L. Jensen. The companys focus was on developing consumer electronics. They would later go on to be the first to develop a phonograph loudspeaker. Today Magnavox is owned by one of the world leaders in electronics, Phillips. In 1924, Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg received the first patent on the moving-coil principle, direct radiator, and loudspeaker. Their patent was different from the previous attempts because of the adjustment of mechanical parameters in their design. The fundamental resonance of the moving system takes place at a lower frequency than that at which the cones radiation impedance becomes uniform. In 1926, Rice and Kellogg sold the loudspeaker, Radiola which was superior to anything else previously invented because it decreased sound distortion and improved audio quality for the buyer. These speakers used electromagnets instead of large powerful magnets in their design. The electro magnets were used because larger, more powerful magnets were not available at a cheap enough price at the time. In the 1930s, manufactures began placing two or three band passes worth of drivers in their speakers, which allowed for increased quality, sound pressure levels, and frequency response. Many of the components involved in the production of modern speakers have been improved upon from their initial designs. The biggest improvements have occurred mainly in the makeup of the materials in the speaker and in the enclosure design. The diaphragm materials and permanent magnet materials are some of the other speaker components which have improved throughout the years. With the advent of computer aided design and increased accuracy in measuring techniques, the development of the speaker and quality of sound have grown exponentially in recent years. The modern loudspeaker has a similar makeup to that of earlier designs, but some of the basic ideas behind the design have changed to give us the speaker we have today. The Modern Speaker Modern speakers use a permanent magnet and an electromagnet to induce the reciprocating motion of the diaphragm. The alternating current going through the electromagnet constantly reverses the magnetic polarity of the coil thus reversing the forces between the voice coil and the permanent magnet. This causes a rapid back and forth motion of the coil resembling that of a piston. When the coil moves it causes the diaphragm to vibrate the air in front of the speaker, creating sound waves. The frequency and amplitude of the electrical audio signal dictates the rate and distance that the voice coil moves thus determining the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves produced by the diaphragm. Drivers are only able to create sound in a given range of frequencies, thus many different types of drivers must be manufactured to account for the wide range of possible frequencies. The main components of the modern speaker are the diaphragm, permanent magnet, suspension, voice coil, and basket with three other important features being coaxial drivers, speaker enclosures, and audio amplifiers. In the following sections we will break down each component and investigate the improvements of each component including those in the material selection and the manufacturing process. Diaphragm One of the main components of a speaker is the diaphragm, sometimes called a speaker cone. The diaphragm can also be referred to as the diaphragm and its surrounding assembly including the suspension and the basket. However for our purposes the suspension and the basket will be individually discussed in later sections. Movement of the diaphragm causes sound waves to propagate from the speaker thus producing the noise we hear. The ideal properties of a diaphragm are minimal acoustical breakup of the diaphragm, minimal standing wave patterns in the diaphragm, and linearity of the surrounds force-deflection curve. The diaphragm stiffness and damping qualities plus the surrounds linearity and damping play a crucial role in reproducing the voice coil signal waveform. Eighty five percent of the diaphragms sold worldwide are made of cellulose fibers because they can be easily modified by chemical or mechanical means to giving it a practical manufacturing advantage not found in other common diaphragm materials, although reproducibility can be a problem. The lack of reproducibility can affect imaging, depending on the precision and quality of production. Cellulose is also advantageous over other diaphragm materials because of its low cost to produce. Although Cellulose works well as a diaphragm, new synthetic materials are emerging that are more lightweight, allowing for better audio quality, reduced distortion, and increased vibration and shock durability. These materials include polypropylene, polycarbonate, Mylar, silk, fiberglass, carbon-fiber, titanium, aluminum, aluminum-magnesium alloy, and beryllium. Polypropylene is the most common plastic material used in a diaphragm. The polypropylene is normally mixed with a filler, such as Kevlar, to reduce the manufacturing costs or it can be to alter the mechanical properties of the diaphragm. Polypropylene diaphragms have been increasingly more popular with the advancements in modern adhesive technology. Although with all plastic materials present, the material tends to have a viscoelastic creep, which is the materials tendency to slowly deform and stretch when under repetitive stresses. However, polypropylene diaphragms are still a popular choice for high performance speakers due to their consistent performance. Research is presently underway in attempts to create new plastic based materials such as TPX, HD-A, HD-I, Neoflex, and Bextrene for diaphragms. These materials generally have the same characteristics as polypropylene so the manufacturing costs cannot be justified for full production. Another option for low-frequency applications are woven fiber diaphragms. The woven fibers such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar are bonded together with a resin. When the high tensile strength of the woven fibers mixes with the adhesive and bonding characteristics of the resin it results in an incredibly stiff material. This stiffness results in a great low-frequency diaphragm, however the stiffness causes rough high-frequency responses. There have been numerous attempts to improve the high-frequency problems of woven fiber diaphragms such as using two thin layers of Kevlar fabric bonded together with a resin and silica microball combination and another attempt employed a sandwich structure of materials with a honeycomb Nomex core. But again, as with the advanced plastic materials, the cost of manufacturing versus the performance of the material cannot yet be justified. The final modern practical material for diaphragms is metal. Metals worst downfall is its terrible damping attributes which causes extreme high-frequency distortion. The most common metal of choice are aluminum and magnesium alloys. Due to the lack of technological advances in damping agents to add to these alloys, metal diaphragms are very rarely used in high-frequency applications. However, these alloys have been commonly used in lower end frequencies with great success. Permanent Magnet Modern driver magnets have become predominately permanent magnets. Historically this function was filled by the use of electrically powered field coils. When high-strength permanent magnets became available, they eliminated the need for the additional power supply that drove the coils. When this happened, Alnico magnets became popular. Alnico magnets are created from alloying aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. Until about 1980 Alnico magnets were primarily used but because of their tendency to become demagnetized, permanent magnets have since been made of ceramic and ferrite materials. Ferrite magnets are constructed by mixing iron oxide with strontium and then milling the compound into a very fine powder. The powder is then mixed with a ceramic binder and closed in a metal die. The die is then placed in a furnace and sintered to bond the mixture together. Sintering is the process in which the particles of the powder are welded together by applying pressure and heating it to a temperature below its melting point. Although the magnetic strength to weight ratio of ferrite magnets is lower than Alnico, it is considerably less expensive, allowing designers to use larger yet more economical magnets to reach a desired performance. In manufacturing, the most significant technical innovation of the speaker is due to the use of neodymium magnets. Currently neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets known to man. For this reason neodymium magnets significantly help in producing smaller, lighter devices and improve speaker performance due to their great capacity for generating strong magnetic fields in the air-gap. A neodymium magnet is an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron to form the molecule Nd2Fe14B. The molecular structure of this molecule is a tetragonal crystalline structure. Important properties in a magnet are the strength of the magnetic field, the materials resistance to becoming demagnetized, the density of magnetic energy, and the temperature at which the material loses its magnetism. Neodymium magnets have much higher values for all of these properties than other magnetic materials except that it loses its magnetism at low temperatures. For this reason it is sometimes alloyed with terbium and dysprosium in order to maintain its magnetic properties at higher temperatures. Suspension Another critical element in speakers is the suspension. The purpose of a suspension system is to provide lateral stability and make the speaker components return to a neutral point after moving. A typical suspension system includes two major components, the spider and the surround. The spider connects the voice coil to the frame of the speaker and provides the majority of the restoring force. The surround connects the top of the diaphragm to the frame of the speaker and helps center the diaphragm and voice coil with respect to the frame. Both components work together to make sure the diaphragm and coil assembly move strictly linearly and in line with the center of the permanent magnet. The spider is usually made of a corrugated fabric disk, impregnated with a stiffening resin. The name comes from the shape of early suspensions, which were two concentric rings of Bakelite material, joined by six or eight curved legs. The surround may be resin treated cloth, resin treated non-wovens, polymeric foams, or thermoplastic elastomers that are molded onto the cone body. An ideal surround has sufficient damping to fully absorb vibration transmissions from the cone to surround interface, and the durability to hold out against long term fatigue caused by prolonged vibration. Advancements in suspension manufacturing have come from innovations in synthetic suspension materials. The use of synthetic materials like kevlar or konex instead of cotton, has made todays speakers much more stable than those made as recent as ten years ago. A more durable suspension means that a speakers sound quality can remain unaltered for a longer period of time. This is especially a concern for speakers that generally operate at low frequencies since lower frequency sounds are created by larger diaphragm travel and larger diaphragm travel must be supported by more suspension travel. Voice Coil The wire in a voice coil is usually made of copper, though rarely aluminum and silver may be used. Voice coil wire cross sections can be circular, rectangular, or hexagonal, giving varying amounts of wire volume coverage in the magnetic gap space. The coil is oriented co-axially inside the gap; it moves back and forth within a small circular volume (a hole, slot, or groove) in the magnetic structure. The gap establishes a concentrated magnetic field between the two poles of a permanent magnet, the outside of the gap being one pole, and the center post (called the pole piece) being the other. The pole piece and backplate are often a single piece, called the poleplate or yoke. This magnetic field induces a reaction with the permanent magnet causing the diaphragm to move thus producing the sounds we hear. Voice coils can either be overhung, longer than the magnetic gap, or underhung, shorter than the magnetic gap, depending on its application. Most voice coils are overhung thus preventi ng the coil from being overdriven, a problem that causes the coil to produce significant distortion and removes the heat-sinking benefits of steel causing the speaker to heat rapidly. The most important characteristic of a voice coil is that it be able to withstand large amounts of mechanical stresses and also be able to dissipate heat to its surroundings without causing damage to the speakers other components. In early loudspeakers the voice coil was wound onto paper bobbins to remove heat from the system. At the time this was enough to cool the system at average power levels but as larger amplifiers became available allowing for higher power levels new technologies had to emerge. To cope with the increasing power inputs the use of alloy 1145 aluminum foil was widely used as a substitute for the paper bobbins. Aluminum was popular to industry due to its low cost to manufacture, its structural strength, and it was easy to bond to the voice coil. However, problems with the foil emerged over extended use at increased power levels. The first problem was the foil tended to transfer heat from the voice coil into the adhesives used inside the speaker causing them to thermally degrade or even burn. The second problem was the motion of the aluminum foil inside the magnetic gap created currents that actually increased the temperature of the voice coil, thus causing long-term reliability issues. In 1955 a new material was developed called Kapton, a polyimide plastic film, to replace the aluminum foil. Kapton solved all the problems that were associated with the aluminum foil however Kapton or even its improved cousin Kaneka Apical, were not perfect. Both high-tech materials were costly to manufacture and had a tendency to soften when heated. Although Kapton and Kaneka Apical had their downfalls they became the most widely used coating for voice coils until 1992 when a material called Hisco P450 was developed. Hisco P450 is a thermoset composite created by using a thin film of fiber glass cloth and impregnating it with a polyimide resin. This combination allowed for necessary mechanical strength and endurance of the polyimide and necessary temperature resistance and stiffness of fiberglass. Hisco P450 was able to withstand the grueling temperature requirements of professional speakers while also maintaining enough rigidity to withstand the mechanical stresses associated with long-term, high-frequency motions. In recent years the copper wire that is almost always used as the voice coil has been replaced sparingly with aluminum wire in extra sensitive, high-frequency applications. The aluminum wire is lighter than the copper wire and has about two thirds of the electrical conductivity allowing the wire to move at higher frequencies inside the magnetic gap. Variations of the aluminum wire include copper-clad aluminum and anodized aluminum. Copper-clad aluminum allows for easier winding along with an even more reduced mass. The anodized aluminum is effectively insulated against shorting which removed the concerns of dielectric breakdown. Aluminum wires are great lightweight, low-inductance choices for voice coils however, they do have their downfalls. The thermal characteristics of aluminum causes power limitations with the coil. If too much power is passed through the aluminum coil it can cause the adhesive bonds between the wire and the bobbin, or the bobbin to the spider and coil to weaken or even burn. To cope with the ever increasing power demands on the voice coil in addition to wrapping the coil in some high-tech material to increase its thermal properties, the voice coil has also been submerged in a ferrofluid, an oil that is used to conduct heat away from the voice coil and also creates a small magnetic field thus increasing the power handling capacity of the voice coil. Basket The basket or frame (as seen below) is the fixture used to hold the diaphragm, voice coil, and magnet in the proper place. The rigidity of this part is extremely important to prevent rubbing of the voice coil and prevent random movements that could cause problems with the permanent magnet. The three most common types of modern baskets are cast metal baskets, rigid baskets made out of stamped steel or aluminum, and cast plastic baskets. Each type of basket offers different advantages and disadvantages; these will be discussed in the flowing paragraphs. The stronger the basket the more power the speaker can handle before failure occurs. A well made basket should have a high power rating, be lightweight, and be able to conduct heat away from the voice coil to prevent physical changes or even possible demagnetization of the permanent magnets. Cast metal (above right) baskets are the most rigid of the three in all directions, but they are the most expensive to make. Cast metal baskets are made by melting down the desired metal to liquid form. The scorching hot liquid metal is then poured into a mold and once the liquid metal dries inside the mold, the mold is removed revealing a cast metal basket. Cast metal baskets although more expensive than the other two options, usually are more rigid thus preventing motion. They also have better damping characteristics, and they are also more easily manufactured allowing for more intricate shapes. Cast metal baskets are usually the preferred basket choice for higher quality speakers. A less expensive and yet less rigid basket can be made out of stamped steel. The stamped steel or aluminum sheets arrive to the manufacturer preformed. The sheets are then drilled using a hydraulic press to cut holes in the sheet to allow air flow to and from the diaphragm. The sheet is then pressed using another hydraulic press using a die to form the desired shape. Stamped metal baskets tend to be weaker than their cast metal counterparts. This weakness could cause the basket to flex if the speaker is being used at high volumes. The final option, which is even less expensive, is a cast plastic basket. Cast plastic baskets are made by using the liquid plastic and pouring it into the desired shaped mold. When the liquid plastic dries the mold is removed revealing a cast plastic basket. Just like cast metal baskets, cast plastic baskets are easily manufactured allowing for intricate shapes. The lightweight characteristics of the plastic would also make the speaker lighter allowing for smaller power consumption. However, as with most engineering decisions, the performance of the part proportionally decreases as the cost to produce the part decreases. The decreased cost of production of the plastic basket means that it is a weaker basket. This weaker, plastic basket will allow for the most flexing as compared to cast metal and stamped steel baskets. The power rating of the speaker would also be less than that of the metal baskets, both cast and stamped, due to the weaker strength characteristics of plastic in com parison with metal. Coaxial Drivers Coaxial drivers are the components of a speaker that radiates sound from the same point or axis. This is done by placing a high-frequency driver in the center of a low-frequency driver so that they produce sound waves from a single point in a loudspeaker system rather than separate locations. This allows for a more beneficial design over having the low and high frequency drivers separate. There are many different types of drivers and each driver produces sound within a limited frequency range. Subwoofers, woofers, mid-range drivers, and tweeters are all driver types capable of emitting different ranges of sound. A coaxial driver takes one of these higher frequency drivers and places it within a lower frequency driver. For example, a tweeter, the high frequency unit, could be placed in the center of a woofer, the low frequency unit, so that both drivers emit sound from the same point. This example can be seen in the images below. This design, which improves sound quality, was first de signed by Altec Lansing in the 1940s. Although it has many advantages, it is still an uncommon practice in the manufacturing of speakers due to technical and budgetary considerations. Enclosures The enclosure of a loudspeaker serves three functions and is made with a specific design that helps improve the quality of the sound produced by the speaker. The first function the enclosure performs is separation of the sound waves. It accomplishes this by preventing sound waves generated at the back of the speaker from interacting destructively with sound waves generated at the front of the speaker. The enclosure is intended to reduce distortion created because the waves that emanate from the front of the speaker are out of phase with the waves emanating from the rear of the speaker. If the front and rear waves were to overlap with one another it would result in wave interference. The second function the enclosure serves is to stop any echo and reverberation that would be created from the two differing sound source locations on the speaker. Because waves are created at the front and rear of the speaker, the two different sets of waves travel through the air differently as a result of their relative locations, and arrive at the person listening at different times. The third function the enclosure serves is to deal with the vibrations produced by the driver and to deal with the heat produced by the electronic components. Enclosures did not always have the fully enclosed container design that they now commonly have. Although present day practices say that enclosures need to have a back, before the 1950s they lacked one due to the cooling functions of an open container. Sealed enclosures, the most common type of enclosure, is completely sealed so no air can escape. With this type of enclosure the forward wave travels outward into the surroundings, while the backward wave is limited to only fill the enclosure. With a virtually airtight enclosure, the internal air pressure is constantly changing; when the driver retracts, the pressure increases and when the driver moves out, the pressure decreases. Both movements create pressure differences between the air inside the enclosure and the air outside the enclosure. Because of this, the driver motion always has to fight the pressure differences caused. These enclosures are less efficient than other designs because the amplifier has to boost the electrical signal to overcome the force of air pressure. The force due to air pressure does, however, provide an additional form of driver suspension since it acts like a spring to keep the diaphragm in the neutral position. This makes for tighter, more precise soun d production. Enclosure designs range from very simple, rectangular particle-board boxes (above left) to very complex cabinets made of composite materials (above right). The simplest enclosures are made to prevent destructive interference caused by overlapping of the front and rear sound waves from the speaker. The most complex enclosures contain acoustic insulation and internal baffles, which prevent interference. Solid materials such as heavy wood, are typically used when building enclosures in order to absorb the vibration caused by the speaker driver. This vibration dampening is extremely important. A speakers sound output would be drowned out by the drivers vibrations if there were not an enclosure incorporated into the design. Since the beginning of the production of enclosures, the most advantageous properties required for minimal energy loss through the enclosure walls have remained unchanged. Different strategies employed to reduce energy losses are to use thicker enclosure walls, denser hardwood plys and sturdier bracing. The downside to these methods is that they all add significant weight to the enclosure. However, with the production of newer materials that possess an increased stiffness-to-mass ratio this is changing. These new materials can improve performance and reduce weight, while also reducing the cabinets resonance. The end result is that a greater amount of the speakers en ergy is delivered in the intended direction rather than into mechanical vibrations which are wasted and produce a decrease in sound quality. A recent alternative to heavy wood construction of enclosures is the use of composite materials. It was for the aerospace industry that composite materials such as carbon-fiber were originally developed. Carbon-fiber was a success because of the high demand for a material with increased strength and rigidity. Speaker applications, such as enclosures use carbon-fiber materials to create a product with a vastly decreased weight and increased strength and rigidity. Enclosures built with carbon-fiber can weigh less than half as much as enclosures built from heavy wood. These enclosures which limit the speaker resonance can provide as much as 3 dB more output than the same speaker would have otherwise had in a heavy wood enclosure. Furthermore, carbon-fiber enclosures are extremely durable adding quality to the final product and they require almost no maintenance. Even though carbon-fiber enclosures cost around twice as much to produce as traditional enclosures, the lighter weight and ext ra output offer two very advantageous tradeoffs. Amplifier An amplifier is any device that increases or decreases the amplitude of a signal. An audio amplifier increases low-power audio signals to a suitable level for loudspeakers. When dealing with a speaker there are a many audio amplifiers involved. These amplifiers are responsible for pre-amplification, equalization, tone control, and mixing effects followed by a higher power amplifier which creates the final amplification for suitable levels of sound output. Amplifiers are found in wireless receivers and transmitters, CD players, acoustic pickups, and hi-fi audio equipment. Amplifiers are used for high-quality sound production, and depending upon the quality of the amplifier, they may cause distortion, which the speaker enclosures are meant to deal with. Distortion in amplifiers is caused by difference in phases of the output waveform and the input waveform. The smaller the difference in between the output and input waveforms the greater the quality of final sound. Audio amplifiers cons ist of resistors, capacitors, power sources, wires, semiconductors, and stereo jacks all combined on an electronic work board to produce the type of amplifier needed. Types of Speakers Woofers are loudspeaker drivers designed to produce sounds of low frequency from around 40 hertz up to around 1000 hertz. The most common design for a woofer is the electro-dynamic driver, using a stiff paper cone driven by a voice coil. Woofers are important to allow for a range of frequency that will hit a low level. Effective woofer designs efficiently convert low frequency signals to mechanical vibrations. The vibration of the air out from the cone creates concentric sound waves that travel through the air. If this process can be done effectively, many of the other problems speakers run into will be greatly reduced such as linear excursion. For most speakers the enclosure and the woofer must be designed to work hand in hand. Usually the enclosure is designed around the woofer, but in some rarer cases the enclosure design can actually dictate the woofer design. The enclosure is made to reflect the sounds at the right distance, so that they will not be wave cancelling reflections. Below you can see an example of a common woofer. A subwoofer is a woofer with a diameter between 8 and 21s. Subwoofers are made up of one or more woofers. They can be arranged in many different configurations to produce the best quality of sound. Subwoofers usually play frequencies between 20 hertz and 200 hertz, well within the range of human auditory levels. The first subwoofer was created in the 1960s and added to the home stereo to create bass for sound reinforcement. Up until this point the only form of audio player which contained bass was a phonograph player which was created by Magnavox. This allowed for a more accurate array of music. Subwoofers are used in all sound systems today such as in cinemas, cars, stereos, and for general sound reinforcement. A mid-range speaker is a loudspeaker driver that produces sound between 300 hertz and 5000 hertz. These are less commonly known as squawkers. Midrange drivers can be found as cone speakers, dome speakers, or compression horn drivers. Mid-range speakers usually resemble small woofers. The most common material the cone is made out of for a mid-range is paper although they can be found to be coated or impregnated with polymers or resins to improve vibration dampening. Much of the rest of the mid-range speaker is made from plastic polymers. Mid-range speakers which employ the dome set up usually only use 90 degrees of the sphere as the radiating surface. These can be made from cloth, metal or plastic film. The voice coil in this design is set at the outer edge of the dome. Mid-range drivers are most commonly used for professional concerts and are compression drivers coupled with horn drivers. Rarely mid-range speakers can be found as electrostatic drivers. Mid-range speakers handle the most prominent part of the human-audible sound spectrum. This is the region where most sound emitted by musical instruments lie. This is also where the human voice falls in the audible spectrum. Most television sets and small radios only contain a single mid-range driver. Tweeters are a loudspeaker designed to produce frequencies from 2,000 to 20,000 hertz. Some tweeters on the market today can produce sounds of up to 45000 hertz. The human ear can generally only hear up to about 20000 hertz. The name tweeter comes from the extremely high pitch it can create. Modern tweeters are different from older tweeters because older tweeters were smaller versions of woofers. As tweeter technology has advanced, differen

Describe China’s consumption of goods and services. What shortcomings have accompanied China’s economic growth?

The economy of the People's Republic of China is the second largest in the world after the US when measured on a purchasing power basis. With a booming economy and 1. 3billion people, it is now the world's largest consumer of grain, meat, coal and steel. China is no longer just a developing country. It is an emerging economic superpower and is one that is writing economic history. China has witnessed a rapid growth in consumption in recent years. Their purchasing power enables them to buy more, meaning more of basic necessities that the previous generation was not privileged to have. Yet this also means that the rapid rise in demand creates a multitude of problems as the country continues to hungrily gobble up the resources in and out of the country that could be allocated for other countries/markets. China is likened to a hungry giant whose insatiable demand for commodities heralds a new era of permanently higher prices–a commodities super cycle. Its soaring demand for commodities has exerted a powerful pull on global commodity markets. It has a major impact on major segments such as the following: energy, the hard commodities such as metals, and the soft commodities such as agricultural products. But on the other hand, the demands of China's stunning economic growth in recent years have had a complex and uneven effect on global prices for energy and other commodities. Although different industries all over the world also benefit from the huge market and profit, there are numerous problems that arise because of the huge consumption of the country. China's massive appetite for goods ranging from grain to platinum places it at the centre of the world raw materials economy. Other countries find themselves â€Å"competing† with China for a share in commodities. And even China finds itself in a ditch. Because China's insatiable demands are putting ever more pressure on the country's natural resources. The huge consumption and growth mean more wastage. Its population’s impact on the environment can only grow stronger and yet even today, it is already very evident in their own surroundings. The impact of the cumulative waste of over a billion people is astounding. A huge majority of Chinese is still dependent on coal for their energy production. Coal is the number one cause for climate change. A big number of their waters are almost turned into open sewers due to the wastage from many factories and cities. Ill-planned projects may have also destroyed natural habitats and have displaced animals and plants. Respiratory and heart diseases related to air pollution are the leading cause of death in China. And this is only the beginning of a few problems that have begun to arise as China slowly climbs to the top. China's role in global commodity markets will only grow more important in the next 20 years. The solution to the continuing arising problems from their inevitable growth would be, to develop schemes that regulate their pollution and wastage and to create international relations and foreign policies that will positively affect poorer (or richer) economies. The Chinese government should implement the schemes rigidly as the negative effects will eventually catch up on each individual as it affects their health. The government should strengthen and improve the work of existing and emerging organizations (whether it may be local, national or international) through intensive training, demonstration of new approaches, international exchange, and strategic communication.

World History Research Paper. Wwii Espionage . Justin Andrews

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America s Drilling For Oil - 3209 Words

Americans have been drilling for oil for more than half of their existence. Before the 1850’s oil was of little use and had no market for commerce as there was not one overwhelming use for it. Until around the 1850’s, when technology advanced, with it sparking search for one of the most sought after natural resources that countries would later go to war over, petroleum oil. Early inventions like the kerosene lamp provided a new stable home necessity to live by, increasing the demand for crude oil. This would be met in part by Colonel Edwin Drake, who drilled the first successful oil well in 1858. While Drake’s invention for extracting crude oil from the ground would bring about a new era for industrialization, his â€Å"black gold† would bring about an even larger effect, the environmental disasters caused by man. For over one hundred and fifty years of drilling for oil, both on shore and offshore, has led to some of the worst catastrophes to both nature a nd mankind. While many of these catastrophes have led to the deaths of hundreds of crew members, they have also led to long lasting effects on the environment, local and national economies, legislation, regulations, and human morale. These following effects can be seen in the most recent and most contaminated marine oil spill in history. To the media and public it’s known as the British Petroleum offshore drilling oil spill in 2010. To grasp the effects of the British Petroleum oil spill, it’s best to startShow MoreRelatedThe Drilling For Oil Drilling1490 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1A 15 April 2015 Offshore Oil Drilling This day and age, oil is what makes the world go around. Without it, people cannot travel, be able to use fuel oils for electricity and heating, there would not be asphalt roads, and also there would not be chemicals used to make plastics, or other synthetic materials that humans use every day. Oil is a useful resource but the ways that are used to obtain it are not very appealing. 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Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(53) " responsible factors for minimising remotion forces\." 2.1 Introduction: This subdivision introduces the trocar interpolation process to the reader. The apprehension of the mechanics of this process is critical for in depth research into assorted parametric quantities involved in the interpolation procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are chiefly two constituents involved in this process viz. trocar or cannula placed on top of patient and the implicit in unrecorded tissue. Due to peculiar nature of the interpolation procedure, chiefly two types of organic structure forces are applied on trocar organic structure i.e. interpolation force in longitudinal way and jumping torsion for incursion. This action can be thought to be similar to a drill being alternately rotated while perforating a stuff block. However, there are other boundary conditions and initial analysis parametric quantities introduced. 2.2 Description of the process: Minimally invasive surgical processs are frequently named based on the type of sing range used to see the country of the organic structure which is the operative site. For illustration, laparoscopic processs use a laparoscope to see the operative site and are performed in the inside of the venters through a little scratch. A gas such as CO2 is introduced in the tummy pit to set up pneumoperitoneum wherein the peritoneal pit is sufficiently inflated for the interpolation of trocars into the venters. Pneumoperitoneum is established through the usage of a usage insufflation acerate leaf, called a Veress acerate leaf, utilizing a spring-loaded obturator that slides over the crisp tip of the needle every bit shortly as the needle enters the peritoneal pit. This acerate leaf is inserted through the facia and through the peritoneum. The sawbones entirely depends on tactile feedback generated at the fingertips to find the proper arrangement of the acerate leaf. After set uping pneumoperitoneum, the following measure in laparoscopic surgery involves the interpolation of trocar/obturator assembly into the abdominal pit. Based on the type of surgery, there may be one or more trocar interpolations to entree the interior organic structure volume related to surgery. A simple conventional diagram for description of the process is given below Figure 1. Schematics of trocar interpolation process [ Ref Web [ 1 ] ] Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsYongMy DocumentsMy Pictures rocar rocar6.jpg Figure. Trocar being inserted into abdominal pit [ Ref 24 ] Above figures depict the assorted forces and torsions involved in a regular trocar interpolation operation. Trocar is held with one manus for proper arrangement of trocar on the abdominal part. The other manus is used for using torsion every bit good as for uni directional force application. The magnitude of applied force with regard to clip and figure of bends applied while tissue incursion are of import parametric quantities for imitating this process realistically. There are different methods for cannula interpolation: by puting a trocar under direct vision into the peritoneal pit ( Hasson technique ) [ Ref 22 ] or â€Å" blindly † with a bladed trocar with the venters desufflated direct puncture and direct puncture with visual image through an optical trocar. Alternatively, a needle system could be used to entree the peritoneum to at the same time insufflate the venters and present a sheath through which a blunt trocar could be placed [ Ref 23 ] . Harmonizing to the port a rrangement guidelines, there are by and large multiple interpolations of trocars into abdominal part in order to handily entree different surgical sites with coveted tools. Some tools are used for catching and review of the tissue while others are used for cutting or suturing intents. There is a cardinal scratch through which a camera is inserted into the abdominal pit in order to project the surgery being performed on a picture screen for ocular mention intents. The full process is carried out under general anaesthesia. 2.3 Description of trocars and design parametric quantities: There are a figure of types of trocars that are available for interpolation, depending on the application. Choice of trocars by and large depends on several factors such as the type of entree site, debut of tools of proper size at the site including stapling machines, cartridge holder applicants and retractors. Harmonizing to the rule of cutting, there are cutting trocars and distending trocars. Cuting trocars integrate some signifier of blade at the site of cutting while the dilating trocars try to press and distend the tissue without cutting it first [ Ref 4 ] . Earlier trocars integrated conelike or pyramidic terminals in order to consequence interpolation, while the newer version incorporates safety shields and blunter plastic blades. Trocars are available in both metal tip and plastic assortments. A hollow or solid conelike plastic tip is a preferable design. Newer version of trocars attempts to unite design characteristics of both cutting and blunt type trocars to cut down the opportunities of hurt and for less applied force demands [ Ref 4, 25 ] . Five different types of trocars were compared in a publication and perforations were performed on the porcine tissue. A figure of different parametric quantities such as defect size, interpolation force and removal force were measured under standardised clinical conditions for 12 mm entree trocars [ Ref 4 ] . The trocars used were shown in figure below which involve a individual blade cutting type trocar, a blunt and radically distending trocar, plastic blade which is really common, triangular cutting blade type and the most modern design i.e. intercrossed distending type trocar. Figure 12-mm entree systems used in the survey. ( A ) Single blade film editing ; ( B ) blunt-radial dilating ; ( C ) plastic blade ; ( D ) trigon blade film editing ; ( E ) hybrid distending [ Ref 4 ] Figure. a ) Pyramidal blade reusable B ) Pyramidal blade disposable trocar [ Ref 25 ] Figure. a ) Flat blade trocar B ) Non bladed trocar 1 degree Celsius ) Non bladed trocar 2 [ Ref 25 ] It was found that radially distending and intercrossed types are similar in footings of perforations while removal force was more or less similar in each instance [ Ref 4 ] . This survey nevertheless underlines that characteristics of cannula design i.e. ridges, togss and textures are responsible factors for minimising remotion forces. You read "Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" While new designs cut down the interpolation forces, they do n’t lend towards drastically improved interpolation consequences over the traditional bladed trocar design [ Ref 4 ] . Besides it has been found that there are differences in defect sizes and lesion parametric quantities associated with trocar geometry and type [ Ref 25 ] . It is desirable that we cut down the affected country of the lesion and herniation of facia caused by the remotion of trocar at the site ; nevertheless it is difficult to document all the design factors impact ing different lesion parametric quantities. A more matter-of-fact attack can be to prove the trocar on latest FEM package for failure analysis of the environing tissue membrane and secret plan different emphasis affected zones next to the interpolation site. 2.4 Modeling of trocar interpolation process: The research work proposed in this thesis uses two different methodological analysiss to near the job of realistic mold of the trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction 2 ) Finite element mold of trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction: This process is a premier campaigner for practical world simulation based trainers for sawboness to derive valuable simulation experience before they pattern existent trocar interpolation on patients. There have been several efforts to develop a needle interpolation based simulator for sawbones preparation undertakings, the outstanding amongst them uses an synergistic user interface based system, which gives the expert sawbones, a freedom to tune different mechanical tissue parametric quantities in order to leave different kinaesthetic esthesiss to the user [ Ref 3 ] . It is really difficult to reproduce the exact tissue behaviour experienced during surgery in a feasible Haptic simulator. Hence this closed cringle method provides a benchmarking expression to set up tissue belongingss in a Haptic sense. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure gives an thought about the closed cringle schematic for minimally invasive surgery which is applicable to trocar interpolation process as good. However, trocar interpolation process in itself is non a surgical process but a precursor to the existent minimally invasive surgery process. As shown in above figure, the sawbones has a limited position of the surgical site and force, place, speed and torsion are the active applied inputs on trocar, which are so transmitted bit by bit to patient abdominal tissue. During the full process, the sawbones receives distorted kinaesthetic feedback. The feedback is discontinuous since every bit shortly as equilibrium between applied and reaction force is established momently, there is no feedback force. The opposition to incursion is chiefly determined by the implicit in local tissue belongingss and trocar geometry and stuffs used. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying Virtual world preparation with force feedback for minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure illustrates the closed cringle system integrating a Haptic based practical world preparation simulator which involves a practical instrument interface. The interface transmits applied force, place, and speed and torsion vector information many times every 2nd to tactile environment underlying the simulator to calculate the hit sensing with practical tissue and update the force feedback vector. Trainee sawbones feels the fake force feedback through the practical instrument interface which uses commercially available tactile devices such as Phantom Omni or usage built Haptic devices. Simulated ocular feedback is provided through either 2 dimensional show on computing machine proctors or two-channel vision [ Ref 26 ] . One of the jobs faced while constructing a trocar interpolation simulator, is imitating proper tissue behaviour at the point of braking through tissue beds, i.e. the feeling of sudden giving off of the tissue when trocar brakes through the rectus abdominis part. For the finding of proper force profile for this simulator, a through literature reappraisal was carried out to garner informations about assorted tissue parametric quantities, braking force values for different tissue beds and existent secret plans of force profile informations, found in old documents. We have determined that, there are two attacks for obtaining the force profile – plotting of the reaction force experienced by sawboness with regard to clip and with regard to distortion distance. Rendering process utilizing tactile devices has been explored antecedently in a figure of surgery simulations. There are assorted attacks to turn to the job of visio tactile simulation of deformable objects based on spring mass based systems. There are many finite component based fluctuations for spring mass based simulations such as finite component method ( FEM ) [ Ref 27 ] and boundary component method ( BEM ) [ Ref 28 ] . Current research job nevertheless offers a alone challenge since it involves tissue distortion simulation and in writing rendition of tissue cutting during the procedure of trocar interpolation. For the simplification of our research job, during the first stage we concentrated our attending on tissue distortion and non on tissue cutting simulation since it ‘s a separate research job. Trocar interpolation chiefly involves tissue distortion, opposition force to weave distortion, braking force and frictional opposition to torquing gesture [ Ref 2, Ref 5 ] . T here is no literature available on torque measuring and word picture of tactile belongingss for opposition to rotatory gesture of trocar. The literature that is straight related with this topic is slightly obscure in nature such as the torsion measuring and word picture while managing of machine tools and rotary motion of prison guard driver [ Ref ] . Another research paper which is more relevant trades with measuring of torque interactions while managing laparoscopic tools [ Ref 29 ] . Hence we needed to trust on ergonomic mentions for approximative calculation of torque feedback magnitude and nature of torque interaction. For simplifying the tactile theoretical account, it is proposed that there are two primary mechanisms or provinces for grip force and torque interaction of trocar with regard to abdominal tissue. These two provinces are described in the figures below. In these figures, the transverse plane in which trocar geometry resides is termed as cutaneal plane and the angle between this plane and y-axis is termed as I ± , the angle between omega axis and cutaneal plane is termed as I? ( tilt ) and the rotary motion of the trocar around the trocar axis is defined in footings of angle I? ( tortuosity ) . 1. Mechanism for first province: First phase consists of gradual addition in distortion forces in a way analogue to the axis of trocar. As applied force additions, the reaction force reaches a maximal threshold value called braking force after which, trocar interruptions through facia and so through the peritoneum. There is by and large really small clip slowdown between these two incursion phases therefore, it is difficult to separate between the centripetal feeling for these extremums. Please refer to calculate below. We see that there is a gradual addition in applied force ( on applied force V clip graph ) after which there is a plateau part when farther really small addition in force causes the applied force to transcend the braking force value. Depending on local tissue belongingss, there can be several extremums after the first tableland part is reached, and so sudden lessening in force is experienced. This generalised nature of the force profile is verified through several mentions. If we observe the force pr ofile in Ref 6, we see that for 12 millimeter bladeless trocar, the extremum force value reached is about 70 N, while for 5 millimeter bladeless trocar, the recorded extremum force value is about 35.84 N [ Ref 6 ] . However, this research work was carried out utilizing unreal tissue under tenseness, without expert accomplishment. Another research paper that trades with existent extremum force measuring, on human tissue, utilizing piezoelectric detector mounted between sawbones ‘s manus and trocar, has produced a spike natured force profile [ Ref 1 ] . The maximal peak force recorded utilizing a detector in this instance is tantamount to 5 millimeter of HG force per unit area at the trocar reaching surface country [ Ref 1 ] . It is to be noted that the interpolation clip for trocar, in this instance is really short since the expert sawboness have right centripetal standardization which allows them to infix the trocar utilizing fewer figure of bends and with lesser force magnitu de [ Ref 2 ] . However, we observe that after extremum force value is reached, in all force profile instances, there is a sudden lessening in opposition force since the material failure standard is reached. 2. Mechanism for 2nd province: After tissue incursion, 2nd phase prevails during which trocar wall surface is in direct contact with environing penetrated tissue. It is difficult to depict the nature of destroyed tissue and the local coefficient of torsional every bit good as skiding clash. These forces are of import because, during the backdown stage, sawbones has to carefully abjure the trocar in such a manner that there is no injury to internal variety meats. The easiness with which trocar is withdrawn is a direct consequence of these forces and trocar geometry. The magnitudes and the nature of the force profile ( force V clip secret plans ) are discussed in following few subdivisions. Figure. Four grades of freedom of trocar while interpolation, applied and reaction forces during tissue distortion province Figure. Frictional peripheral force along the walls and Torsional frictional twosome at the fringe, after tissue incursion 2.5 Force and torque parametric quantities: Force Data Different techniques are available to obtain realistic mean extremum entry force informations plotted against clip or distortion. One of the direct techniques involve, mounting a force or force per unit area detector on existent trocar while the process of minimally invasive surgery is carried out. Another technique involves measuring of incursion force based on porcine tissue incursion utilizing a research lab device. However there are a figure of variables involved and it is really difficult to set up a aureate criterion or a scope of values for a peculiar instance. Body aggregate index of the patient, age, degree of exercising are some of the factors that affect the force profile informations. One of the documents reported utilizing existent piezoelectric transducer fond regard mounted between trocar surface and sawbones ‘s manus to obtain specific force profile informations for each patient with regard to clip [ Ref 6 ] ; nevertheless upon observation of the force profile, we see that the force profile informations does n’t give us an thought about gradual addition in trocar force opposition. This force profile represents a spike in footings of reaction force experienced, which is unequal to imitate a complete trocar interpolation, since it does n’t enter gradual alterations in force profile happening merely before incursion. However, the magnitude of braking force for each instance is noted down and we can utilize this statistical information to construct a simulator which allows for different braking force values based on correlativity between patient ‘s age and average extremum entry force [ Ref 6 ] . A old experiment to mensurate the entry force utilizing laboratory experiment uses a mechano chemical examiner which tests the incursion of a stretched alternate tissue, to plot a force versus incursion distance informations. This trial uses changeless velocity of incursion for the trocar and does n’t pay attending to application of torsion while infixing trocar, as in existent process [ Ref 5 ] . Another paper related to old work, for imitating trocar interpolation uses a parametric theoretical account to imitate three separate parts for a force profile informations utilizing multinomial fit [ Ref 1 ] . We found that this attack is really utile for readily incorporating a given force profile into tactile simulator, for experimentation intents. However the usage of any such force profile is arbitrary, till it has been verified by adept sawboness to be as close an experience to the existent undertaking of trocar interpolation. Table I clip in s Force in N clip in s Force in N 0 0 1.25 20 0.2 8 1.4 30 0.5 7 1.5 35 0.7 5 1.6 40 1 10.1 1.7 50 Time in seconds Force in N Force in N Time in seconds Figure ( a ) Rough secret plan of Force profile [ Ref 1 ] , ( B ) Force profile after re-parameterization and curve adjustment Figure ( a ) Typical spike force profiles obtained from 5mm and 10 millimeter diameter trocar interpolations [ Ref 6 ] Another important research work performed utilizing instrumented trocar systems against 20 swine theoretical accounts was reported in one of the recent documents by Paserotti et Al. [ Ref 29 ] . The full experimental process was repeated for two bladed non retractile trocars and four bladed retractile trocars. Table II [ Ref 29 ] Fd, entire thrust force ( Newton ) ; Ff, force needed to travel through facia ( Newtons ) ; Fp, force needed to travel through peritoneal liner ( Newtons ) ; Fl, loss of drive force after come ining the peritoneum ( Newtons ) ; Ld, the sum of tissue distortion ( centimeter ) ; Lt, the length of trocar exposed in the venters after the peritoneum retracts ( centimeter ) ; NA ; non applicable ; Td, clip to drive the trocar into the venters ( sec ) ; Tr, continuance of blade exposed unprotected ( sec ) [ Ref 29 ] The characteristic nature of force profile obtained in this research, confirms the fact that there are multiple extremums encountered during incursion for get the better ofing different tissue beds ( facia and peritoneum beds severally ) . After the braking force magnitude is reached, a sudden loss of opposition or giving off of the tissue is experienced which should be efficaciously simulated with the lowering of Haptic opposition during the simulation. Torque Data: Measurement of torsion informations for trocar interpolation procedure, is a complex undertaking since interpolation normally involves 2 to 5 bends in clockwise and anticlockwise waies [ Ref 2 ] . The clasp features and the mode in which torsion is applied is non unvarying for all the instances, besides some sawboness use small to no torquing when it comes to interpolation. Hence, we have to trust on informations from old research work in order to acquire an thought about the torsion magnitude. There are other ergonomic mentions from which we can mention to the industrial class torquing attempts in assorted types of clasps such as power clasp, cardinal pinch and tip pinch clasps etc. There are two major classs of clasps viz. prehensile and non prehensile clasp [ Ref 31 ] . The clasp used for catching trocar organic structure is a prehensile type of clasp ( specifically cylindrical ) and based on the carpus rotary motion and gripping force, variable sum of torsion can be transmitted a t the interpolation point. For the screwdriver interpolation gesture which is about tantamount to the trocar interpolation gesture in some ways, the maximal torsion that can be exerted is about 5 Nm for a feed force of about 60 N [ Ref 30 ] . However a more dependable projection for torque measuring is found in another mention [ Ref 31 ] , for both instrument to organ interaction during laparoscopic surgery and trocar abdominal wall interaction during interpolation procedure. There are a scope values that have been documented in this mention, which suggest that rotational gesture in the clasp produces approximately 0 to 0.7 Nm of torsion at the interface. Besides, the frictional force opposing the rotary motion is found to be about 3 N in magnitude at the interface. A major guideline for design of Haptic simulator is stated in this mention that Haptic esthesis is greatest at the low value of translational or interpolation speed and at the smallest angles of tilt I? [ Ref 31 ] . How to cite Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Importance Of Reward Management - Click To Get Free Sample

Question: Discuss the importance of reward management and organizations use two types of rewards as employee incentives? Answer: Introduction The concept of reward system has been introduced for acknowledging the efforts and contribution of the employees towards the overall goal attainment of the business organization. This reward system management mainly concerns with rewarding the deserving candidates in the workplace based on their worth for the business and in the fair and just manner (Armstrong and Cummins, 2011). The management system is accounted to be an effective tool used by Human Resource management team while managing the performance of the employees in the organization. This essay has dealt with the assessment of significance of reward system management for the business organization and why organizations use two types of rewards as incentives for the employees. Importance of reward management The key importance of reward system in the organization it helps in motivating the employees and encourages them to perform better. This management system enables the organizational leaders to boost up the employees retention ability of the organization and thus, develop a stronger bond between the employees and organization (Aguinis, 2009). There are different types of rewards which are given to the employees such as, the minimum wage, earnings, share options, merit increase and long term incentive plans. Minimum Wage: The minimum wage system is considered to be the compensation provided by the business organization for the time and effort of the employees and which is provided to the employees as a counter balance. This is the monetary form of compensation which is paid to the employee for the service, the person is providing to the company. Irrespective of the nature and job and organization all the employees are provided with the minimum salary for their service in the organization (Armstrong, 2007). Based on the skill and qualification required for the job a standard minimum wage or salary is provided to the employee staffs. This is also acting as the reward that the person is provided with by the organization for the expertise and support and for this purpose a minimum wage is decided. However, based on the productivity some additional amounts are also given as the reward system of the company. The rewarding system in shape of minimum wage is one of the effective and most widely used methods f ollowed by most of the business organizations. From the general point of view the amount of minimum wage or salary symbolizes the value of the employee in the organization and the higher the amount it is considered to be more prestigious for the employees. Earnings: ]The earnings system is another effective form of providing incentives to the employees in the process of reward management system. This is the extrinsic form of reward or can be realized in the monetary terms such as the periodic bonus or incentive provided to the achievement of any target by the employee. The earnings is the additional amount of money that the employee can get over and above normal amount of reimbursement for the extra effort made by the employee for the achievement of certain target of the company (Armstrong, Brown and Reilly, 2010). The earnings act like an incentive used by company in the process of encouraging the employees to give their extra effort. This is also considered to be a primary form of rewarding the employees and which is also appreciated among the workforce of the organization mainly in the manufacturing sector. The earnings system has been developed from the concept that the extra efforts of the employees assist a firm to generate more earnings a nd company share a part of its earnings with the deserving employees. Thus, the rewarding policy through earnings is shaped to gain the satisfaction of the employees and motivate them to give their extra effort (Brown, 2014). Share Options: Offering the share options is another form of reward system used by the companies. The offering of share options as the rewards is not found in all business organizations but, this is recognized as a common method of recognition which is offered to the employees by the companies. Mainly the higher levels of employees are rewarded with share options. This is considered to be a prestigious form of reward that an employee can get for the service as; by offering the shares the management offers a part of ownership of the business to the employee (Korzynski, 2013). Thus, the worth or value of the employee is recognized and the higher level employees are further motivated to shape more effective strategies for the company and help the business to uplift its performance. The share options provided to the employees not only offer them the share of business ownership but, the employee also gets the additional benefit of getting the share of periodic profits in shape of dividend. Thus, it can be said that this form of rewarding system can help the organizations to offer the extrinsic reward to the employees. Merit Increase: The use of merit increase system is the way established by the organizational leaders to pay for the performance of the employees other than the normal pays. The term merit has been used as the pay is based on the performance and based on the past records or improvement in the merit list of the employee that the rewarding amount is ascertained. The amount is used as the increased pay that the employee would get on the continuous basis with the basis pay or salary. The merit increase amount is decided depending on the improvement of performance of the employees studied for the specific time period (Mikkelsen, et al., 2015). Other factors taken into account for deciding the amount is the pay trend in the market and prevailing economic situation of the economy. This type of rewarding system is one of the most used from of rewarding the employees, followed by the organizational leaders. The merit increase system is used for acknowledging the performance of the employee over the longer time period, and also provides the employee a competitive amount to the employees that helps them to cope up with the increased cost of living (Bamberger et al., 2014). Therefore, this kind of reward system help the employees to uplift their standard of living and this is highly appreciated by the employees. Long Term Incentive Plan: The long term incentives plans are generally used by the HR management group so as to help uplift the long term performance of the employees in the workplace. The rewarding system has been designed with a strategic interest of the company it aims to retain the skill and expertise back into the business for the longer time period. Nevertheless, as the system is based on long term basis therefore, there are certain conditions that the employee needs to fulfil in the course of employment (Naile and Selesho, 2014). Within the considered span of time the employee will have to prove his or her worth in the company by helping in elevating the overall productivity of the company. Generally, the company offers its shares to the employee but, the entire ownership of the specified number of shares, is parted and the employee would be able enjoy the reward gradually. This is mainly done to ensure the long term relationship between the company and its employee or executive and thus, a strategy us ed to reduce the rate of employee turnover (Perkins and White, 2011). Moreover, this reward system not only ensures a long stay of the employee with the company but also encourage the person to improve the performance in the due course. Organizations use two types of rewards as employee incentives With continuous changes of the business environment has given birth to a number of new dynamics when it comes to management of the human resources. The organizational managers are considering a number of newer methods of motivating the employees to help them to uplift the standard of their performance and also to improve the bonding of the company and its employees (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Therefore, from the broader perspective there are two basic forms of reward systems the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are offered by organizations as the two major forms of rewards. Where the extrinsic is considered to be the traditional and most used form of reward system, the rewards which come in the monetary forms are known as the extrinsic rewards. Few decades back the incentives or rewards in the monetary forms were hugely recognized among the employees with the shift in the perceptions and dynamics, as per the present work culture intrinsic rewards are mainly preferred by the employees. Therefore, owing to shifts in the market the business organizations too had to modify its offerings for the employees. This is true that money is the basic factor that the employees are servicing in the business organizations (Thomas, 2016). However, at present the employees consider the aspects of flexible time, job rotations, job enrichments, more responsibilities and offering more motivating and exciting jobs to employees are highly demand rather than only getting the extrinsic rewards. The intrinsic rewards highly motivate the employees to stretch their limits while performing in the organizations. This is the main reason that the organizations are uses both the types rewards for recognizing the performance of the employees and motivating them. Therefore, most of the leading multinational like Toyota, Ford, Tesco, IBM, AZ Banks and many others from different sectors are highly regarding the intrinsic rewards for stimulating their work forces. The extrinsic rewards are fulfilling the basic needs of the employees yet; the intrinsic rewards are providing the employees with the sense of meaningfulness, competence and progress (Armstrong, 2012). This is the main reason that the organizations are trying thriving hard to meet with the psychological requirements of the employees by providing them intrinsic and extrinsic as well as rewards. Such as Tesco is offering a range of competitive benefits and incentives which is also instrumental with the labour laws of the country. The company is offering 75 percent coverage for the medical requirements of the employees in US and is also offering the tuition subsidy in South Korea for the children of their employees. During 2010 the company rewarded their 216000 employees with 105.5 million value shares under the scheme Shares In Success (Rewards and benefits - Tesco PLC, 2016). However, apart from the extrinsic rewards the company is also offering the extrinsic rewards as well such as offering flexible time for working, maternity leave, job sharing, part time jobs and many more. Recommendations From the shifts in the management system of human resource this is apparent that motivating the employees for performance enhancement has always been one of the core aspects of the organizational leaders. This is where the consideration of reward management plays a pivotal role and enabling the organizational managers to reward the employees in the most able manner. Nevertheless, at present the intrinsic rewards are highly appreciated by the employees beside the extrinsic. Therefore, this is highly desirable for the companies irrespective of the nature and size that they should value their employees by offering them more responsibilities in the workplace (Armin, 2010). The job enrichment gives the employees the sense of belonging in the organization and they try to prove their worth with added responsibilities. Further offering the incentives of flexible timing accompanied with more holidays encourages the employees to accelerate their productivity and efficiency when the employees are at work. This would be further suggestible that all organizations should use the intrinsic benefits along with extrinsic rewards to boost the morale of the employees and encourage them to give their best to the organization, corporate with the entire team and learn more. Conclusion This can be concluded from that the reward management system, at present is used as the essential devise to design the performance and motivate the morale of the employees in the workplaces. There are different forms rewards like the bonus, fringe benefits, increments and others or the extrinsic type of reward but, the intrinsic type is equally important in the proves of valuing the employees or human assets of the organization. References Aguinis, H. 2009,Performance management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 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