America s Drilling For Oil - 3209 Words

Americans have been drilling for oil for more than half of their existence. Before the 1850’s oil was of little use and had no market for commerce as there was not one overwhelming use for it. Until around the 1850’s, when technology advanced, with it sparking search for one of the most sought after natural resources that countries would later go to war over, petroleum oil. Early inventions like the kerosene lamp provided a new stable home necessity to live by, increasing the demand for crude oil. This would be met in part by Colonel Edwin Drake, who drilled the first successful oil well in 1858. While Drake’s invention for extracting crude oil from the ground would bring about a new era for industrialization, his â€Å"black gold† would bring about an even larger effect, the environmental disasters caused by man. For over one hundred and fifty years of drilling for oil, both on shore and offshore, has led to some of the worst catastrophes to both nature a nd mankind. While many of these catastrophes have led to the deaths of hundreds of crew members, they have also led to long lasting effects on the environment, local and national economies, legislation, regulations, and human morale. These following effects can be seen in the most recent and most contaminated marine oil spill in history. To the media and public it’s known as the British Petroleum offshore drilling oil spill in 2010. To grasp the effects of the British Petroleum oil spill, it’s best to startShow MoreRelatedThe Drilling For Oil Drilling1490 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1A 15 April 2015 Offshore Oil Drilling This day and age, oil is what makes the world go around. Without it, people cannot travel, be able to use fuel oils for electricity and heating, there would not be asphalt roads, and also there would not be chemicals used to make plastics, or other synthetic materials that humans use every day. Oil is a useful resource but the ways that are used to obtain it are not very appealing. One way it is obtained is by offshore drilling. According to an article onRead MoreIs Drilling Necessary? Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesexpand drilling in the United States. The Energy Information Administration estimates the amount of oil in the Bakken Formation alone at 3.0 to 4.3 billion barrels. Drilling for oil domestically is not only viable but also, it is beneficial to the United States because it will reduce reliance on foreign oil, provide fuel at a cheaper cost, and create jobs for American citizens. Oil and oil-like substances within oil shale exists in the United States territory and is available for drilling and miningRead MoreOffshore Drilling Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Middle East restrict oil exports to the U.S. As a result, a decrease in the oil supply caused gasoline prices to quadruple. As America attempted to promote alternative energy sources, oil companies expanded their search for offshore oil. Approximately 25% of oil produced in the U.S. comes from offshore rigs. Due to environmental concerns following an oil spill off the coast of California in 1969, an offshore drilling suspension was put in place. Since then, America has amplified its expenditureRead MoreDRILLING IN ANWR1374 Words   |  6 Pagestraditions of the Gwich’in forever. Politicians, environmentalists, economists and neighbors now fight over the prospect of oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Many of the arguments for drilling are worth consideration; however, in c omparison to the evidence against it, they are neither convincing nor compelling. In order to fully understand why drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is such a big deal; we need to understand the history of the refuge. ANWR was createdRead MoreOffshore Drilling1527 Words   |  7 Pages Offshore Drilling Does anything out weigh the importance of our planet’s health? You would be surprised by the number of people who look the other way when it comes to keeping the planet clean. Offshore drilling is just one of the major environmental issues that has existed for many years and still continues to be a problem. The topic of offshore drilling not only touches on environmental issues but also political, economic, and ethical issues. All of these tie into the huge debate over offshoreRead MoreEssay on North Shore Oil Exploration and Drilling1098 Words   |  5 PagesNorth Shore Oil Exploration and Drilling There is some evidence that oil exists under the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. This has led to a huge debate as to whether or not companies should be allowed to drill for this oil. 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There are benefits in offshore oil dr illing such as jobs, domestic fuel, andRead MoreEssay about Drilling for Oil in The Gulf of Mexico985 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has been dependant on oil since the 1800’s and the invention of modern machinery. From skin care products to the gasoline in our cars and engines, petroleum is the basis of almost everything we use for everyday life. Without oil the nation could not meet the energy demands we need to survive. Continued exploration has been the topic of heated debate among supporters and opponents, especially when it comes to offshore drilling. My goal here is to show the differing view points of drillingRead MoreThe World Is An Ever Changing Place1229 Words   |  5 Pagespunishing pace. This perpetual motion requires a constant source of energy. This energy comes in the form of oil and petroleum products, products that invigorate both our cars and America’s foreign and domestic policy. Oil is king. 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Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(53) " responsible factors for minimising remotion forces\." 2.1 Introduction: This subdivision introduces the trocar interpolation process to the reader. The apprehension of the mechanics of this process is critical for in depth research into assorted parametric quantities involved in the interpolation procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are chiefly two constituents involved in this process viz. trocar or cannula placed on top of patient and the implicit in unrecorded tissue. Due to peculiar nature of the interpolation procedure, chiefly two types of organic structure forces are applied on trocar organic structure i.e. interpolation force in longitudinal way and jumping torsion for incursion. This action can be thought to be similar to a drill being alternately rotated while perforating a stuff block. However, there are other boundary conditions and initial analysis parametric quantities introduced. 2.2 Description of the process: Minimally invasive surgical processs are frequently named based on the type of sing range used to see the country of the organic structure which is the operative site. For illustration, laparoscopic processs use a laparoscope to see the operative site and are performed in the inside of the venters through a little scratch. A gas such as CO2 is introduced in the tummy pit to set up pneumoperitoneum wherein the peritoneal pit is sufficiently inflated for the interpolation of trocars into the venters. Pneumoperitoneum is established through the usage of a usage insufflation acerate leaf, called a Veress acerate leaf, utilizing a spring-loaded obturator that slides over the crisp tip of the needle every bit shortly as the needle enters the peritoneal pit. This acerate leaf is inserted through the facia and through the peritoneum. The sawbones entirely depends on tactile feedback generated at the fingertips to find the proper arrangement of the acerate leaf. After set uping pneumoperitoneum, the following measure in laparoscopic surgery involves the interpolation of trocar/obturator assembly into the abdominal pit. Based on the type of surgery, there may be one or more trocar interpolations to entree the interior organic structure volume related to surgery. A simple conventional diagram for description of the process is given below Figure 1. Schematics of trocar interpolation process [ Ref Web [ 1 ] ] Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsYongMy DocumentsMy Pictures rocar rocar6.jpg Figure. Trocar being inserted into abdominal pit [ Ref 24 ] Above figures depict the assorted forces and torsions involved in a regular trocar interpolation operation. Trocar is held with one manus for proper arrangement of trocar on the abdominal part. The other manus is used for using torsion every bit good as for uni directional force application. The magnitude of applied force with regard to clip and figure of bends applied while tissue incursion are of import parametric quantities for imitating this process realistically. There are different methods for cannula interpolation: by puting a trocar under direct vision into the peritoneal pit ( Hasson technique ) [ Ref 22 ] or â€Å" blindly † with a bladed trocar with the venters desufflated direct puncture and direct puncture with visual image through an optical trocar. Alternatively, a needle system could be used to entree the peritoneum to at the same time insufflate the venters and present a sheath through which a blunt trocar could be placed [ Ref 23 ] . Harmonizing to the port a rrangement guidelines, there are by and large multiple interpolations of trocars into abdominal part in order to handily entree different surgical sites with coveted tools. Some tools are used for catching and review of the tissue while others are used for cutting or suturing intents. There is a cardinal scratch through which a camera is inserted into the abdominal pit in order to project the surgery being performed on a picture screen for ocular mention intents. The full process is carried out under general anaesthesia. 2.3 Description of trocars and design parametric quantities: There are a figure of types of trocars that are available for interpolation, depending on the application. Choice of trocars by and large depends on several factors such as the type of entree site, debut of tools of proper size at the site including stapling machines, cartridge holder applicants and retractors. Harmonizing to the rule of cutting, there are cutting trocars and distending trocars. Cuting trocars integrate some signifier of blade at the site of cutting while the dilating trocars try to press and distend the tissue without cutting it first [ Ref 4 ] . Earlier trocars integrated conelike or pyramidic terminals in order to consequence interpolation, while the newer version incorporates safety shields and blunter plastic blades. Trocars are available in both metal tip and plastic assortments. A hollow or solid conelike plastic tip is a preferable design. Newer version of trocars attempts to unite design characteristics of both cutting and blunt type trocars to cut down the opportunities of hurt and for less applied force demands [ Ref 4, 25 ] . Five different types of trocars were compared in a publication and perforations were performed on the porcine tissue. A figure of different parametric quantities such as defect size, interpolation force and removal force were measured under standardised clinical conditions for 12 mm entree trocars [ Ref 4 ] . The trocars used were shown in figure below which involve a individual blade cutting type trocar, a blunt and radically distending trocar, plastic blade which is really common, triangular cutting blade type and the most modern design i.e. intercrossed distending type trocar. Figure 12-mm entree systems used in the survey. ( A ) Single blade film editing ; ( B ) blunt-radial dilating ; ( C ) plastic blade ; ( D ) trigon blade film editing ; ( E ) hybrid distending [ Ref 4 ] Figure. a ) Pyramidal blade reusable B ) Pyramidal blade disposable trocar [ Ref 25 ] Figure. a ) Flat blade trocar B ) Non bladed trocar 1 degree Celsius ) Non bladed trocar 2 [ Ref 25 ] It was found that radially distending and intercrossed types are similar in footings of perforations while removal force was more or less similar in each instance [ Ref 4 ] . This survey nevertheless underlines that characteristics of cannula design i.e. ridges, togss and textures are responsible factors for minimising remotion forces. You read "Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" While new designs cut down the interpolation forces, they do n’t lend towards drastically improved interpolation consequences over the traditional bladed trocar design [ Ref 4 ] . Besides it has been found that there are differences in defect sizes and lesion parametric quantities associated with trocar geometry and type [ Ref 25 ] . It is desirable that we cut down the affected country of the lesion and herniation of facia caused by the remotion of trocar at the site ; nevertheless it is difficult to document all the design factors impact ing different lesion parametric quantities. A more matter-of-fact attack can be to prove the trocar on latest FEM package for failure analysis of the environing tissue membrane and secret plan different emphasis affected zones next to the interpolation site. 2.4 Modeling of trocar interpolation process: The research work proposed in this thesis uses two different methodological analysiss to near the job of realistic mold of the trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction 2 ) Finite element mold of trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction: This process is a premier campaigner for practical world simulation based trainers for sawboness to derive valuable simulation experience before they pattern existent trocar interpolation on patients. There have been several efforts to develop a needle interpolation based simulator for sawbones preparation undertakings, the outstanding amongst them uses an synergistic user interface based system, which gives the expert sawbones, a freedom to tune different mechanical tissue parametric quantities in order to leave different kinaesthetic esthesiss to the user [ Ref 3 ] . It is really difficult to reproduce the exact tissue behaviour experienced during surgery in a feasible Haptic simulator. Hence this closed cringle method provides a benchmarking expression to set up tissue belongingss in a Haptic sense. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure gives an thought about the closed cringle schematic for minimally invasive surgery which is applicable to trocar interpolation process as good. However, trocar interpolation process in itself is non a surgical process but a precursor to the existent minimally invasive surgery process. As shown in above figure, the sawbones has a limited position of the surgical site and force, place, speed and torsion are the active applied inputs on trocar, which are so transmitted bit by bit to patient abdominal tissue. During the full process, the sawbones receives distorted kinaesthetic feedback. The feedback is discontinuous since every bit shortly as equilibrium between applied and reaction force is established momently, there is no feedback force. The opposition to incursion is chiefly determined by the implicit in local tissue belongingss and trocar geometry and stuffs used. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying Virtual world preparation with force feedback for minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure illustrates the closed cringle system integrating a Haptic based practical world preparation simulator which involves a practical instrument interface. The interface transmits applied force, place, and speed and torsion vector information many times every 2nd to tactile environment underlying the simulator to calculate the hit sensing with practical tissue and update the force feedback vector. Trainee sawbones feels the fake force feedback through the practical instrument interface which uses commercially available tactile devices such as Phantom Omni or usage built Haptic devices. Simulated ocular feedback is provided through either 2 dimensional show on computing machine proctors or two-channel vision [ Ref 26 ] . One of the jobs faced while constructing a trocar interpolation simulator, is imitating proper tissue behaviour at the point of braking through tissue beds, i.e. the feeling of sudden giving off of the tissue when trocar brakes through the rectus abdominis part. For the finding of proper force profile for this simulator, a through literature reappraisal was carried out to garner informations about assorted tissue parametric quantities, braking force values for different tissue beds and existent secret plans of force profile informations, found in old documents. We have determined that, there are two attacks for obtaining the force profile – plotting of the reaction force experienced by sawboness with regard to clip and with regard to distortion distance. Rendering process utilizing tactile devices has been explored antecedently in a figure of surgery simulations. There are assorted attacks to turn to the job of visio tactile simulation of deformable objects based on spring mass based systems. There are many finite component based fluctuations for spring mass based simulations such as finite component method ( FEM ) [ Ref 27 ] and boundary component method ( BEM ) [ Ref 28 ] . Current research job nevertheless offers a alone challenge since it involves tissue distortion simulation and in writing rendition of tissue cutting during the procedure of trocar interpolation. For the simplification of our research job, during the first stage we concentrated our attending on tissue distortion and non on tissue cutting simulation since it ‘s a separate research job. Trocar interpolation chiefly involves tissue distortion, opposition force to weave distortion, braking force and frictional opposition to torquing gesture [ Ref 2, Ref 5 ] . T here is no literature available on torque measuring and word picture of tactile belongingss for opposition to rotatory gesture of trocar. The literature that is straight related with this topic is slightly obscure in nature such as the torsion measuring and word picture while managing of machine tools and rotary motion of prison guard driver [ Ref ] . Another research paper which is more relevant trades with measuring of torque interactions while managing laparoscopic tools [ Ref 29 ] . Hence we needed to trust on ergonomic mentions for approximative calculation of torque feedback magnitude and nature of torque interaction. For simplifying the tactile theoretical account, it is proposed that there are two primary mechanisms or provinces for grip force and torque interaction of trocar with regard to abdominal tissue. These two provinces are described in the figures below. In these figures, the transverse plane in which trocar geometry resides is termed as cutaneal plane and the angle between this plane and y-axis is termed as I ± , the angle between omega axis and cutaneal plane is termed as I? ( tilt ) and the rotary motion of the trocar around the trocar axis is defined in footings of angle I? ( tortuosity ) . 1. Mechanism for first province: First phase consists of gradual addition in distortion forces in a way analogue to the axis of trocar. As applied force additions, the reaction force reaches a maximal threshold value called braking force after which, trocar interruptions through facia and so through the peritoneum. There is by and large really small clip slowdown between these two incursion phases therefore, it is difficult to separate between the centripetal feeling for these extremums. Please refer to calculate below. We see that there is a gradual addition in applied force ( on applied force V clip graph ) after which there is a plateau part when farther really small addition in force causes the applied force to transcend the braking force value. Depending on local tissue belongingss, there can be several extremums after the first tableland part is reached, and so sudden lessening in force is experienced. This generalised nature of the force profile is verified through several mentions. If we observe the force pr ofile in Ref 6, we see that for 12 millimeter bladeless trocar, the extremum force value reached is about 70 N, while for 5 millimeter bladeless trocar, the recorded extremum force value is about 35.84 N [ Ref 6 ] . However, this research work was carried out utilizing unreal tissue under tenseness, without expert accomplishment. Another research paper that trades with existent extremum force measuring, on human tissue, utilizing piezoelectric detector mounted between sawbones ‘s manus and trocar, has produced a spike natured force profile [ Ref 1 ] . The maximal peak force recorded utilizing a detector in this instance is tantamount to 5 millimeter of HG force per unit area at the trocar reaching surface country [ Ref 1 ] . It is to be noted that the interpolation clip for trocar, in this instance is really short since the expert sawboness have right centripetal standardization which allows them to infix the trocar utilizing fewer figure of bends and with lesser force magnitu de [ Ref 2 ] . However, we observe that after extremum force value is reached, in all force profile instances, there is a sudden lessening in opposition force since the material failure standard is reached. 2. Mechanism for 2nd province: After tissue incursion, 2nd phase prevails during which trocar wall surface is in direct contact with environing penetrated tissue. It is difficult to depict the nature of destroyed tissue and the local coefficient of torsional every bit good as skiding clash. These forces are of import because, during the backdown stage, sawbones has to carefully abjure the trocar in such a manner that there is no injury to internal variety meats. The easiness with which trocar is withdrawn is a direct consequence of these forces and trocar geometry. The magnitudes and the nature of the force profile ( force V clip secret plans ) are discussed in following few subdivisions. Figure. Four grades of freedom of trocar while interpolation, applied and reaction forces during tissue distortion province Figure. Frictional peripheral force along the walls and Torsional frictional twosome at the fringe, after tissue incursion 2.5 Force and torque parametric quantities: Force Data Different techniques are available to obtain realistic mean extremum entry force informations plotted against clip or distortion. One of the direct techniques involve, mounting a force or force per unit area detector on existent trocar while the process of minimally invasive surgery is carried out. Another technique involves measuring of incursion force based on porcine tissue incursion utilizing a research lab device. However there are a figure of variables involved and it is really difficult to set up a aureate criterion or a scope of values for a peculiar instance. Body aggregate index of the patient, age, degree of exercising are some of the factors that affect the force profile informations. One of the documents reported utilizing existent piezoelectric transducer fond regard mounted between trocar surface and sawbones ‘s manus to obtain specific force profile informations for each patient with regard to clip [ Ref 6 ] ; nevertheless upon observation of the force profile, we see that the force profile informations does n’t give us an thought about gradual addition in trocar force opposition. This force profile represents a spike in footings of reaction force experienced, which is unequal to imitate a complete trocar interpolation, since it does n’t enter gradual alterations in force profile happening merely before incursion. However, the magnitude of braking force for each instance is noted down and we can utilize this statistical information to construct a simulator which allows for different braking force values based on correlativity between patient ‘s age and average extremum entry force [ Ref 6 ] . A old experiment to mensurate the entry force utilizing laboratory experiment uses a mechano chemical examiner which tests the incursion of a stretched alternate tissue, to plot a force versus incursion distance informations. This trial uses changeless velocity of incursion for the trocar and does n’t pay attending to application of torsion while infixing trocar, as in existent process [ Ref 5 ] . Another paper related to old work, for imitating trocar interpolation uses a parametric theoretical account to imitate three separate parts for a force profile informations utilizing multinomial fit [ Ref 1 ] . We found that this attack is really utile for readily incorporating a given force profile into tactile simulator, for experimentation intents. However the usage of any such force profile is arbitrary, till it has been verified by adept sawboness to be as close an experience to the existent undertaking of trocar interpolation. Table I clip in s Force in N clip in s Force in N 0 0 1.25 20 0.2 8 1.4 30 0.5 7 1.5 35 0.7 5 1.6 40 1 10.1 1.7 50 Time in seconds Force in N Force in N Time in seconds Figure ( a ) Rough secret plan of Force profile [ Ref 1 ] , ( B ) Force profile after re-parameterization and curve adjustment Figure ( a ) Typical spike force profiles obtained from 5mm and 10 millimeter diameter trocar interpolations [ Ref 6 ] Another important research work performed utilizing instrumented trocar systems against 20 swine theoretical accounts was reported in one of the recent documents by Paserotti et Al. [ Ref 29 ] . The full experimental process was repeated for two bladed non retractile trocars and four bladed retractile trocars. Table II [ Ref 29 ] Fd, entire thrust force ( Newton ) ; Ff, force needed to travel through facia ( Newtons ) ; Fp, force needed to travel through peritoneal liner ( Newtons ) ; Fl, loss of drive force after come ining the peritoneum ( Newtons ) ; Ld, the sum of tissue distortion ( centimeter ) ; Lt, the length of trocar exposed in the venters after the peritoneum retracts ( centimeter ) ; NA ; non applicable ; Td, clip to drive the trocar into the venters ( sec ) ; Tr, continuance of blade exposed unprotected ( sec ) [ Ref 29 ] The characteristic nature of force profile obtained in this research, confirms the fact that there are multiple extremums encountered during incursion for get the better ofing different tissue beds ( facia and peritoneum beds severally ) . After the braking force magnitude is reached, a sudden loss of opposition or giving off of the tissue is experienced which should be efficaciously simulated with the lowering of Haptic opposition during the simulation. Torque Data: Measurement of torsion informations for trocar interpolation procedure, is a complex undertaking since interpolation normally involves 2 to 5 bends in clockwise and anticlockwise waies [ Ref 2 ] . The clasp features and the mode in which torsion is applied is non unvarying for all the instances, besides some sawboness use small to no torquing when it comes to interpolation. Hence, we have to trust on informations from old research work in order to acquire an thought about the torsion magnitude. There are other ergonomic mentions from which we can mention to the industrial class torquing attempts in assorted types of clasps such as power clasp, cardinal pinch and tip pinch clasps etc. There are two major classs of clasps viz. prehensile and non prehensile clasp [ Ref 31 ] . The clasp used for catching trocar organic structure is a prehensile type of clasp ( specifically cylindrical ) and based on the carpus rotary motion and gripping force, variable sum of torsion can be transmitted a t the interpolation point. For the screwdriver interpolation gesture which is about tantamount to the trocar interpolation gesture in some ways, the maximal torsion that can be exerted is about 5 Nm for a feed force of about 60 N [ Ref 30 ] . However a more dependable projection for torque measuring is found in another mention [ Ref 31 ] , for both instrument to organ interaction during laparoscopic surgery and trocar abdominal wall interaction during interpolation procedure. There are a scope values that have been documented in this mention, which suggest that rotational gesture in the clasp produces approximately 0 to 0.7 Nm of torsion at the interface. Besides, the frictional force opposing the rotary motion is found to be about 3 N in magnitude at the interface. A major guideline for design of Haptic simulator is stated in this mention that Haptic esthesis is greatest at the low value of translational or interpolation speed and at the smallest angles of tilt I? [ Ref 31 ] . How to cite Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Importance Of Reward Management - Click To Get Free Sample

Question: Discuss the importance of reward management and organizations use two types of rewards as employee incentives? Answer: Introduction The concept of reward system has been introduced for acknowledging the efforts and contribution of the employees towards the overall goal attainment of the business organization. This reward system management mainly concerns with rewarding the deserving candidates in the workplace based on their worth for the business and in the fair and just manner (Armstrong and Cummins, 2011). The management system is accounted to be an effective tool used by Human Resource management team while managing the performance of the employees in the organization. This essay has dealt with the assessment of significance of reward system management for the business organization and why organizations use two types of rewards as incentives for the employees. Importance of reward management The key importance of reward system in the organization it helps in motivating the employees and encourages them to perform better. This management system enables the organizational leaders to boost up the employees retention ability of the organization and thus, develop a stronger bond between the employees and organization (Aguinis, 2009). There are different types of rewards which are given to the employees such as, the minimum wage, earnings, share options, merit increase and long term incentive plans. Minimum Wage: The minimum wage system is considered to be the compensation provided by the business organization for the time and effort of the employees and which is provided to the employees as a counter balance. This is the monetary form of compensation which is paid to the employee for the service, the person is providing to the company. Irrespective of the nature and job and organization all the employees are provided with the minimum salary for their service in the organization (Armstrong, 2007). Based on the skill and qualification required for the job a standard minimum wage or salary is provided to the employee staffs. This is also acting as the reward that the person is provided with by the organization for the expertise and support and for this purpose a minimum wage is decided. However, based on the productivity some additional amounts are also given as the reward system of the company. The rewarding system in shape of minimum wage is one of the effective and most widely used methods f ollowed by most of the business organizations. From the general point of view the amount of minimum wage or salary symbolizes the value of the employee in the organization and the higher the amount it is considered to be more prestigious for the employees. Earnings: ]The earnings system is another effective form of providing incentives to the employees in the process of reward management system. This is the extrinsic form of reward or can be realized in the monetary terms such as the periodic bonus or incentive provided to the achievement of any target by the employee. The earnings is the additional amount of money that the employee can get over and above normal amount of reimbursement for the extra effort made by the employee for the achievement of certain target of the company (Armstrong, Brown and Reilly, 2010). The earnings act like an incentive used by company in the process of encouraging the employees to give their extra effort. This is also considered to be a primary form of rewarding the employees and which is also appreciated among the workforce of the organization mainly in the manufacturing sector. The earnings system has been developed from the concept that the extra efforts of the employees assist a firm to generate more earnings a nd company share a part of its earnings with the deserving employees. Thus, the rewarding policy through earnings is shaped to gain the satisfaction of the employees and motivate them to give their extra effort (Brown, 2014). Share Options: Offering the share options is another form of reward system used by the companies. The offering of share options as the rewards is not found in all business organizations but, this is recognized as a common method of recognition which is offered to the employees by the companies. Mainly the higher levels of employees are rewarded with share options. This is considered to be a prestigious form of reward that an employee can get for the service as; by offering the shares the management offers a part of ownership of the business to the employee (Korzynski, 2013). Thus, the worth or value of the employee is recognized and the higher level employees are further motivated to shape more effective strategies for the company and help the business to uplift its performance. The share options provided to the employees not only offer them the share of business ownership but, the employee also gets the additional benefit of getting the share of periodic profits in shape of dividend. Thus, it can be said that this form of rewarding system can help the organizations to offer the extrinsic reward to the employees. Merit Increase: The use of merit increase system is the way established by the organizational leaders to pay for the performance of the employees other than the normal pays. The term merit has been used as the pay is based on the performance and based on the past records or improvement in the merit list of the employee that the rewarding amount is ascertained. The amount is used as the increased pay that the employee would get on the continuous basis with the basis pay or salary. The merit increase amount is decided depending on the improvement of performance of the employees studied for the specific time period (Mikkelsen, et al., 2015). Other factors taken into account for deciding the amount is the pay trend in the market and prevailing economic situation of the economy. This type of rewarding system is one of the most used from of rewarding the employees, followed by the organizational leaders. The merit increase system is used for acknowledging the performance of the employee over the longer time period, and also provides the employee a competitive amount to the employees that helps them to cope up with the increased cost of living (Bamberger et al., 2014). Therefore, this kind of reward system help the employees to uplift their standard of living and this is highly appreciated by the employees. Long Term Incentive Plan: The long term incentives plans are generally used by the HR management group so as to help uplift the long term performance of the employees in the workplace. The rewarding system has been designed with a strategic interest of the company it aims to retain the skill and expertise back into the business for the longer time period. Nevertheless, as the system is based on long term basis therefore, there are certain conditions that the employee needs to fulfil in the course of employment (Naile and Selesho, 2014). Within the considered span of time the employee will have to prove his or her worth in the company by helping in elevating the overall productivity of the company. Generally, the company offers its shares to the employee but, the entire ownership of the specified number of shares, is parted and the employee would be able enjoy the reward gradually. This is mainly done to ensure the long term relationship between the company and its employee or executive and thus, a strategy us ed to reduce the rate of employee turnover (Perkins and White, 2011). Moreover, this reward system not only ensures a long stay of the employee with the company but also encourage the person to improve the performance in the due course. Organizations use two types of rewards as employee incentives With continuous changes of the business environment has given birth to a number of new dynamics when it comes to management of the human resources. The organizational managers are considering a number of newer methods of motivating the employees to help them to uplift the standard of their performance and also to improve the bonding of the company and its employees (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Therefore, from the broader perspective there are two basic forms of reward systems the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are offered by organizations as the two major forms of rewards. Where the extrinsic is considered to be the traditional and most used form of reward system, the rewards which come in the monetary forms are known as the extrinsic rewards. Few decades back the incentives or rewards in the monetary forms were hugely recognized among the employees with the shift in the perceptions and dynamics, as per the present work culture intrinsic rewards are mainly preferred by the employees. Therefore, owing to shifts in the market the business organizations too had to modify its offerings for the employees. This is true that money is the basic factor that the employees are servicing in the business organizations (Thomas, 2016). However, at present the employees consider the aspects of flexible time, job rotations, job enrichments, more responsibilities and offering more motivating and exciting jobs to employees are highly demand rather than only getting the extrinsic rewards. The intrinsic rewards highly motivate the employees to stretch their limits while performing in the organizations. This is the main reason that the organizations are uses both the types rewards for recognizing the performance of the employees and motivating them. Therefore, most of the leading multinational like Toyota, Ford, Tesco, IBM, AZ Banks and many others from different sectors are highly regarding the intrinsic rewards for stimulating their work forces. The extrinsic rewards are fulfilling the basic needs of the employees yet; the intrinsic rewards are providing the employees with the sense of meaningfulness, competence and progress (Armstrong, 2012). This is the main reason that the organizations are trying thriving hard to meet with the psychological requirements of the employees by providing them intrinsic and extrinsic as well as rewards. Such as Tesco is offering a range of competitive benefits and incentives which is also instrumental with the labour laws of the country. The company is offering 75 percent coverage for the medical requirements of the employees in US and is also offering the tuition subsidy in South Korea for the children of their employees. During 2010 the company rewarded their 216000 employees with 105.5 million value shares under the scheme Shares In Success (Rewards and benefits - Tesco PLC, 2016). However, apart from the extrinsic rewards the company is also offering the extrinsic rewards as well such as offering flexible time for working, maternity leave, job sharing, part time jobs and many more. Recommendations From the shifts in the management system of human resource this is apparent that motivating the employees for performance enhancement has always been one of the core aspects of the organizational leaders. This is where the consideration of reward management plays a pivotal role and enabling the organizational managers to reward the employees in the most able manner. Nevertheless, at present the intrinsic rewards are highly appreciated by the employees beside the extrinsic. Therefore, this is highly desirable for the companies irrespective of the nature and size that they should value their employees by offering them more responsibilities in the workplace (Armin, 2010). The job enrichment gives the employees the sense of belonging in the organization and they try to prove their worth with added responsibilities. Further offering the incentives of flexible timing accompanied with more holidays encourages the employees to accelerate their productivity and efficiency when the employees are at work. This would be further suggestible that all organizations should use the intrinsic benefits along with extrinsic rewards to boost the morale of the employees and encourage them to give their best to the organization, corporate with the entire team and learn more. Conclusion This can be concluded from that the reward management system, at present is used as the essential devise to design the performance and motivate the morale of the employees in the workplaces. There are different forms rewards like the bonus, fringe benefits, increments and others or the extrinsic type of reward but, the intrinsic type is equally important in the proves of valuing the employees or human assets of the organization. References Aguinis, H. 2009,Performance management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Armin, F. 2010, Neural Correlates of the Influence of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation.Front. Neurosci., vol. 4. Armstrong, M. 2007,A handbook of employee reward management and practice. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. 2012, Armstrong's handbook of reward management practice. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. and Cummins, A. 2011,The reward management toolkit. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. 2014,Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Brown, D. and Reilly, P. 2010,Evidence-based reward management. London: Kogan Page. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. 2014,Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Brown, D. 2014, The Future of Reward Management: From Total Reward Strategies to Smart Rewards.Compensation Benefits Review, vol. 46, no. 3, pp.147-151. Korzynski, P. 2013, Employee motivation in new working environment.International Journal of Academic Research, vol. 5, no. 5, pp.184-188. Mikkelsen, M., Jacobsen, C. and Andersen, L. 2015, Managing Employee Motivation: Exploring the Connections Between Managers Enforcement Actions, Employee Perceptions, and Employee Intrinsic Motivation.International Public Management Journal, pp.1-23. Naile, I. and Selesho, J. 2014, The Role of Leadership in Employee Motivation.MJSS. Perkins, S. and White, G. 2011, Reward management. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Rewards and benefits - Tesco PLC. 2016, [online] Tescoplc.com. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/site/library/policiesandfactsheets/rewards-and-benefits.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016]. Thomas, K. 2016,The Four Intrinsic Rewards that Drive Employee Engagement | Ivey Business Journal. [online] Iveybusinessjournal.com. Available at: https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/the-four-intrinsic-rewards-that-drive-employee-engagement/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016].

SUSAN GLASPELL’S TRIFLES an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

SUSAN GLASPELL’S TRIFLES It was said that the settings for the plays generates certain impact for the audience or reader. It usually brings out the necessary highlights that are needed to be brought up. The issues or conflicts in the play could easily be identified given a good setting for a play. The ambiance or the mood of the play could establish the right reactions from the audience or readers. In this particular essay, the play that is about to be scrutinized is the one that was written by Susan Glaspell. "Trifles' was written on the year 1916. It is highly essential to note this particular year given that the issue that would be raised in this paper concerns the setting of the play. But what is a setting? It could be seen that the setting, concerning a play, means that it is the time, place, and circumstances in which a narrative, drama, or film takes place. ("Settings") or it is The context and environment in which a situation is set; the background. ("Settings") I firmly assert then that the setting of a play could reflect the meaning of the play. Need essay sample on "SUSAN GLASPELLS TRIFLES" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The setting put up by Glaspell in "Trifles' then would be a good indication for the interpretation that a reader or audience might have. The setting could bring out the meaning for the plays due to two things. Firstly, it could generate the basic information to create the basic interpretation of the play. It would seem that the setting in the said play could bring out the feministic issues of the author or writer. The setting also brought about the moralistic issue that the author or writer had left for the speculation of the audience or reader. Lastly, the concurrence is also due to the reason that the setting provides the aesthetic and symbolic outlook to further assert the meaning and the interpretation that could be found in the play. How would a setting affects the entirety of the play depends on how the audience or reader would view the play itself. Interpretations of the play then are a necessary action that could generate the meaning of the play. In this sense, the setting could then provide a tableau for the basic interpretations that the audience or reader would have. It becomes very basic since it could provide a hint on the gravity of the issues or conflict that might occur. It could be inferred then that the basic conflict that could be found in the play is the dichotomy between the male and female sexes. The year 1916 may not be the year for the height of feministic ideals but the play had created a certain hint on the views of women in Glaspell's time. The timeframe of the play was one where the male species dominate the scene of society. It could be concluded then that the internal battles of the two women in the play could have a direct connection to the societal framework that they are in. The implications are there particularly when the male dialogues pertain to how they view the inferiority of the female species. The undeniably prejudiced remark could be found especially when it came to the "trifles' that the women are concerned. The kitchen setting could also provide a situation where this has become the symbol of the women's domain. The main scene in the play revolves around the kitchen. The women being known to be at-home to the kitchen was not touched by the law enforcer in the decision that the kitchen would have nothing to do with the crime scene. Surely, the law enforcer has disregarded the area due to the reasons that he would not dare to touch the women's domain and that he had underestimated the power that the women could have. The setting then played a major role in creating the basic interpretations n eeded by the audience or reader to understand the conflict and to know the meaning of the play. Another issue that could be raised here then is the moralistic implication that the play has. The issue on whether or not the women should have told their secret to the men is a clear indication that what was in the mind of the women were beyond moralistic. It had become the silent battle cry that they have against the domineering male species. Although, in real instances this would be unforgivable but the play was banking on the fantastical implications on what women could really do. The cleverness that was displayed in the kitchen was a way for Glaspell to say that women could be respected especially when they too have intellectual capacities. The setting helped then for the audience or readers to realize such implication. Another reason that the setting could bring out the meaning of the play is that the setting have certain aesthetic and symbolic value for the people. The aesthetic and symbolic value of the play could highlight the things that could be highlighted. Take for example the kitchen area of the play. It was necessary that some of the things there should be left cluttered. It could only heighten the sense of distress that Mrs. Wright had been feeling. It was a well-known fact that women stayed in the house to look after the household matters and a cluttered kitchen would symbolically mean that the disturbance in the household is quite obvious. Since the men had no idea on how the female mind works, they have dismissed it to poor implementation of chores. It would not be unusual that the revelation of the meaning behind this were only coming from the women in the play. Let it be noted then that the scene where the men were teasing the women about the trifle they were making over an unfinishe d quilt. They believed this to be a trifle but little did they know that the implication of the dialogues and the quilt itself is and evidence that could solve the mystery. In conclusive remarks, the setting could provide the readers or audience ample information in generating the meaning of the play. The setting could provide the basic information that is necessary for the basic interpretations of the play. With these basic interpretations the audience or reader could pinpoint the meaning behind the play. Another reason for the importance of the setting is the aesthetic and symbolic value that it could provide to further understand what the author or writer would want his/her reader to understand about the play. Works Cited "Settings". 2003. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition (August 21, 2007). http://www.thefreedictionary.com/settings .

Chinese Economic Refrom essays

Chinese Economic Refrom essays Two years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many of China's leaders that economic reform was necessary. During his tenure as China's premier, Mao had encouraged social movements such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution which had had as their bases ideologies such as serving the people and maintaining the class struggle. By 1978 "Chinese leaders were searching for a solution to serious economic problems produced by Hua Guofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as CCP leader after Mao's death" (Shirk 35). Hua had demonstrated a desire to continue the ideologically based movements of Mao. Unfortunately, these movements had left China in a state where "agriculture was stagnant, industrial production was low, and the people's living standards had not increased in twenty years" (Nathan 200). This last area was particularly troubling. While "the gross output value of industry and agriculture increased by 810 percent and national income grew by 420 percent [between 1952 and 1980] ... average individual income increased by only 100 percent" (Ma Hong quoted in Shirk 28). However, attempts at economic reform in China were introduced not only due to some kind of generosity on the part of the Chinese Communist Party to increase the populace's living standards. It had become clear to members of the CCP that economic reform would fulfill a political purpose as well since the party felt, properly it would seem, that it had suffered a loss of support. As Susan L. Shirk describes the situation in The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, restoring the CCP's prestige required improving economic performance and raising living standards. The traumatic experience of the Cultural Revolution had eroded popular trust in the moral and political virtue of the CCP. The party's leaders decided to shift the base of party legitimacy from virtue to competen...

A Study of why Gladiatorial Contests Took Place in Ancient Rome

A Study of why Gladiatorial Contests Took Place in Ancient Rome After the Carthage in 201 BC, the Roman Empire embarked through a dangerous time period where all gladiatorial fights were all the hype. The article â€Å"Murderous Games: Gladiatorial Contests in Ancient Rome† by Keith Hopkins, discusses the fights and how they were used for entertainment purpose; where war was considered â€Å"fun†. And at the time, Roman Empire consisted of 50 to 60 million people, which was one-fifth/one-sixth of the world’s population. The Roman Empire was a warrior state where animals and people were sacrificed. People of all backgrounds were sacrificed for funerals and for entertainment purposes. In this analysis, I will discuss their purpose, the animals involved, and Rome’s present ever since that time period. The purpose behind the gladiatorial fight was for pure entertainment. Rome was a cruel place where people were used for dangerous malpractices. At the time, Gladiatorial fights were acceptable in their eyes, but in today’s society, it is considered unethical. People worshipped the gladiators like they were pop-stars. They were famous and considered the greatest people in Rome; they were considered heroes to public. People also supported the gladiatorial fights due to fear, and if they objected against it, they were soon faced with the same dilemma as the gladiators, death. And when people went to the arena as the audience, and one time there was not enough criminals to be condemned to death, so instead they killed a crowd of people to the wild animals. The emperor was the one person that made the decisions. He made that decision because, sometimes, things did not go the way he would have liked them to. In many occasions, the audience would object and ask for favors, such as lowering their taxes, food, or an execution of a different person. But sometimes the people who were shouting were going to the consequences. During this time period, the emperor made the decisions and the people’s lives where in the hands of the emperor. Animals were also involved in this cruel activity that was a sport. A large amount of animals were used as entertainment and later put to die. Some of the many animals involved included elephants, ostriches, lions, and much more. Criminals, animals, and slaves, and other people were put inside the arenas to fight, and many of them did not survive; no one actually comes out alive. On a day there were 3,000 people who fought (included men and woman) and 5,000 animals that were killed in the arena. That shows how big the arena was, which also included more room for 50,000 people to watch. One of the biggest shows was the show made by the Emperor Trajan to celebrate his defeat against Dacia. The fight lasted throughout 123 days; with 9,138 gladiators fighting and 11,000 animals killed. The emperor then later started to introduce more animals; animals like crocodiles, rhinoceros, giraffes, and tigers. At one point, the amount of hippopotamuses started to decrease more and more until one was brought from Europe through a steamship from London. Wild animals seemed to have been decreasing over that time period due to the tremendous amount of fights. Rome has changed ever since those time periods, making it an important part of history. People of all backgrounds were killed- who were criminals, slaves, Christians, and even people from the crowds- and for the emperor’s entertainment. Rome was a cruel society where cruelty was a way of life. People died for the public’s selfish needs of entertainment. There were no laws against those actions that brought brutality into the lives of the Romans. Many people looked up to the people that did not show them the true meaning of being hero, and instead they looked up to gladiators who harmed others where many of them were innocent.

Case Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Problem - Essay Example Such a business case demonstrates yet again how statistics can be used to reduce uncertainty. In particular, simulation modeling enables quantification of events and outcomes with varying probabilities. Previewing all possible outcomes with unknown probabilities of occurrence helps to assess potential costs and benefits. Monte Carlo simulation is one such procedure that applies (Doane & Seward, 2007; Stout, 2007). These parameters require the use of a uniform model, where RV values vary within a given range with no central tendency or standard deviation assumed. For the first step of estimating randomly varying demand, the result of 52 iterations of revenue simulations (see Table 1 below) yields a somewhat skewed distribution with a mean of $540 daily, a median of $542 and a standard deviation of $184. Gross annual revenue before simulating the effect of mechanical breakdown would be $28,109. This is the baseline. Next, we factor in the incidence of breakdowns and the lead time for repair. We employ the RAND function to estimate the probability that the copier will be trouble-free all days of the week (instead of defining as â€Å"6 times the square root of r†). For the first week in the all-year iterations, therefore, the RAND value of 0.487 translates to a probability that the main copier will break down after just three days of operation. That same week, repair lead time is calculated using the VLOOKUP function based on the same column of RAND values. Since RAND=0.487 is lower than the 0.65 cumulative probability associated with two days’ repair lead time, the VLOOKUP function returns 1 day. Hence, revenue loss for the week comes to gross revenue times the proportion of 7 days that the main copier can reliably be predicted to

Preliminary proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preliminary proposal - Research Paper Example The Germans played an extremely significant role in the origin of the cold war since it held an important strategic position. This took place through a number of transformations among the Germans. It was additionally, contributed by the post war international order that resulted from the inter-Allied work on denaziation. The main contributions of the cold war included the rationalist aspects that were caused by the interaction between superpowers. A particular emphasis is placed on the legal and diplomatic framework that sustained not only the way the German question was treated but, also the examination of the interaction between superpowers in relation to the way that they enforced their structural interests. Thus, it is because of the interactions between the elements related to coexistence and intervention, the German question that is analyzed from a systematic standpoint was made up of the most significant issue in the configuration of the international order that was given after the war (Lewcowicz 14). There was a rough relationship between the US and the USSR since the year 1919. However, the USSR did not have a global reach. As such, most of the conflict was performed by local and homegrown communist parties alongside the government that is currently in power. Nonetheless, this only lasted when in 1983; the Spanish Civil War resulted in people all over the world taking sides (14). The start of the cold war that took place between 1947 and 1953 took place after the Second World War. Its main origin was the Truman Doctrine that took place in 1947 up to the end of the Korean War in 1953. It lasted through most part of the 20th century (40). The connection between the German question and the cold war is relevant to the course materials since it makes it possible to link with other events such as the frequency with which France and German, which includes Prussia as its key component have been at war frequently. These are the Franco-Prussian war

The Foundation of Society Essay Example for Free

The Foundation of Society Essay Education is one of the most essential aspects of any society or any country as it provides the fundamentals that people need to accomplish things in life. It molds young people into respectable and dignified individuals by teaching them proper conduct and discipline. In addition, in higher levels of learning it cultivates the skills, professions, and careers that a person would like to pursue and use for his or development. The road to being a doctor, architect, engineer, nurse, and lawyer, among others, always begins with getting a good education. In short, education serves as the foundation for society as it teaches various lessons in life. Moreover, education has a variety of implications and can also affect all aspects of society. In terms of economics, education is essential for any country as it helps it attain high levels of economic growth. When more people are educated, there would be more technically-skilled workers that contribute to society and help shape the economy. In addition, In short, the higher the educational rates of a country is, the more it can adapt to the growing trends and policies of the rest of the world. High rates of education would also lead to vast improvement of technology, which is a key factor in the development of any country. In other words, it can then be deduced that education plays a highly essential role in the performance of the economy. Education also plays a crucial role in the fields of health and medicine. In society, if people are educated with the best measures that would ensure their health and safety, they would be able to avoid the most infectious diseases and deadliest illnesses. Research, which is another important part of education, is also crucial because it provides people with new information regarding the latest strain of viruses or bacteria that can cause potential harm to individuals. In short, in the field of science in general, obtaining continuing education is of primary importance because it paves the way for new breakthroughs and innovations. Due to the importance of education in the world, it should then follow that its goals should also be equally important. Every country must ensure that the goals of its educational system is updated and would provide students with more than enough skills and knowledge that can prepare them for the real world. However, before doing so, a nation must first ensure that all children, regardless of economic status, will be able to access high-quality education because it is a right and not simply a privilege. Moreover, aside from being able to teach students skills in Mathematics, Science, History and Languages, an educational institution should also be able to instill a sense of competitiveness among learners. To do this, the curriculum of any school must always be updated and meet educational standards. It should be comprehensive enough and proper for the level of education where is being applied. Furthermore, teaching methods should also be goal-oriented in order for students to know their target objectives. These methods should also be innovative and interactive so that an educator can determine whether or not his or her students have truly learned from him or her. In short, when all these standards are met, educational institutions would not only be of high-quality but would also produce top-caliber, highly competent, and well-rounded graduates who can impart to other people what they have learned.

The Glass Ceiling Essay -- essays research papers

In order for organizations to function members within the organization, the organization needs to work together to achieve specific goals and solve problems. Organizations will usually work in teams and each team has leaders that get the other team members on the ball to do perform different tasks. Organizations are structured in a hierarchy way. There is the top level management with the CEOs and presidents and other head people. Then there is the middle-level management that includes department heads and managers. Finally there are the employees of the organization working hard to hopefully move up in the corporation to these higher levels. When employees move up the corporate ladder there are certain rewards they get like a higher salary and maybe more benefits such as more flextime. From the very beginning the world has been dominated by men and even more so in the workplace. Men were always the leaders and heads of everything all the way down to the family. The woman was the nu rturer and she was only there to provide the man with a family and to care for the family. Her place was never in the workplace. That was strictly for men. It wasn’t until World War I where women started to enter the workforce in larger numbers and this was primarily because all the men were being sent over to fight in the war and their wives took their spots on the factory floors so that corporations could still function. There is the ever famous Rosie the Riveter poster during World War II that had the famous motto for women â€Å"We can do it.† This got women out of the house and onto the factory floors where their husbands had been working until the war broke out. Of course once the war was over and men came back the women were in a since forced back into the house. But ever since then women began to enter the workforce more and more ever year. Women were starting to realize that they can do the work just as good as men could or even better. Today women account for 45% of the paid labor force (Williams, 6). That number will continue to grow over the next couple of years until eventually women equal or even go above men in the labor force. Although women are playing a big part in the labor market today, they are still unable to advance high up the corporate ladder like men can. There are a very few exceptions to this, but the majority of women in organizations can only usually get ... ...ough because organizations are realizing that the working world has changed. Women are no longer staying in the house to tend to the family. They are going out into the workplace just like the men and are competing for the best possible jobs that they can get. Works Sited Caplan, Jessica. China Staff. Hong Kong: Sep 2004. Vol 10, Iss 9. pg. 14. Connolly, John. Personnel Today. Sutton: Sep 28, 2004. pg. 17. Fitzgerald, Barbara. â€Å"New York Times.† (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aug 10, 2003. pg. 14NJ.1. Barbara F. Reskin, Heidi I. Hartmann, editors. â€Å"Women’s Work, Men’s Work.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington D.C. National Academy Press. 1986. Jacobs, Jerry, editor. â€Å"Gender Inequality at Work.† California. Sage Publications, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1995.. Nichols, Nancy. Editor. â€Å"Reach For the Top.† Boston. Harvard Business School. 1994. Sekaran, Uma. Editor. â€Å"WOMANPOWER.† California. Sage Publications, Inc. 1992. Symonds, William. Business Week. New York: Oct 4, 2004, Iss. 3902, pg 98. Williams, Christine. â€Å"Still A Man’s World.† Los Angeles. University of California   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. 1995.

Positive Relationship

HKU SPACE Community College Today’s agenda: ? After this class, you are expected to know : I. The features of a healthy relationship II. How to initiate interactions III. How to enrich a relationship How can you apply any one of the elements to improve relationships in your life? There are questions for your self-reflection! 2 I. Features of healthy relationship 1. Genuineness (Rogers, 1980) ? Revealing your true self and striving to be honest. ? More than absence of lying; openness and authenticity are significant facets. 3 I. Features of healthy relationship 2. Unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1980) ?Warm acceptance of each other’s personhood. ? Positive responses not because of any conditions or reasons. ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? I would love you most if you become the best among your classmates. 4 I. Features of healthy relationship 3. Empathy (Rogers, 1980) ? Ability to experience others’ perspectives, feelings, ideas and emotions. ? Feel what the o thers feel, being able to â€Å"put yourself into others’ place†. 5 I. Features of healthy relationship 4. Enjoyments of joy and â€Å"up†. ? Feeling of energized. ? Feeling better emotionally after meeting each other. ? Feeling 6 I. Features of healthy relationship . Self-disclosure ? As people reveal more of the hidden selves, a powerful basis for trust and understanding can be formed. 7 I. Features of healthy relationship 6. Dependability ? Can rely on each other. ? The feeling that you can count on the other to treat you fairly, and this is reciprocated. 8 ? Codependency ? ? ? Codependency is NOT one of the features of healthy relationship. Harmful to the parties involved in the relationships. Codependents feel compelled to help others. They are (excessively) responsive to the needs of the world to the exclusion of their own needs. ?Do you always try to please or help others to an extent that you may hurt yourself and others? 9 I. Features of healthy relatio nship 7. High self-esteem ? ? Enable one to reach out positively to others. I am ok, you are ok. 10 Self-reflection! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Can you often show your true self to others? Do you like a person just because s/he does you good favors? Can you often empathize with others? Can you often disclose yourself to others with ease? Do you often find lots of fun when interacting with others? Do you have someone whom you can depend on in your life, if not, any possible reasons?Do you think that â€Å"I am ok, others are ok too†? 11 II. Initiating Interactions 1. 2. 3. 4. Managing first impression Tolerance, Acceptance and Appreciation Overcoming shyness Approaching people 12 1. Managing first impressions ? You have only one chance to leave a first impression to other people. On the other hand†¦. ? Be open to your first impression on others. ? Allow time and involvement to verify your first impression. 13 2. From Tolerance, Acceptance to Appreciation ? Tolerance of people who are different is a worthy, basic goal of interpersonal relations. Social Categorization (For instance, French) ?Stereotyping (Stereotypic labels towards French, such as romantic, stylish, dirty) ? Prejudice (negative attitudes towards French) ? Discrimination (unfair treatment towards French) 14 ? 3. Overcoming shyness ? ? Move beyond passiveness and inaction Start with small behavioral changes ? Sincere smile to your classmates ? Say â€Å"hi† or â€Å"good morning†to classmates 15 4. Approaching people ? ? Looking for approachability cues. ? Approach someone when he/she is in a hurry, involved in other issues? ? Or when they are waiting for a class to start, sit alone and looked open? Checking for approachability. Can I talk to you for 5 mins? ? Are you busy right now? 16 Self-reflection! ? ? ? ? Do you judge a person immediately based on the first impressions? Do you often prejudice people based on their social categories? Do you often disturb others because you never c heck for approachability? Do you often find it hard to converse with others? 17 III. How to enrich a relationship 1. Realistic expectation of relationships ? No one is perfect, neither are relationships ? I expect I would always be happy in the relationship. 18 2. Sensitivity ? Having an awareness about the perceptions and perspectives of others ?You sense that your friend is a bit unusual today, hence offers concerns and/help. 3. Appreciation ? Do you often deliver sincere compliments to people around you? 19 4. Little act of kindness ? ? ? Not time-consuming favors but brings significant joy Induce a helping and caring atmosphere The effects usually have been overlooked Demonstrate a little act of kindness to the person next to you NOW. 20 5. Assertiveness ? Maintain one’s legitimate rights and expressing thoughts and feelings in nonthreatening ways. Decline other’s requests assertively without feeling guilty ? ? I can’t help you this time, I need to finish so me other important things. † 21 6. Negotiation skills ? Conflicts is NOT a matter of right or wrong but is only caused by difference in opinions. Five Styles of managing conflict (Putnam, 1990; Thomas, 1988, cited in Weiten & Lloyd, 2000) ? 22 ? (1) Avoidance ? ? low concern for self and other People who prefer this style believe that ignoring a problem will make it go away Low concern for self, high concern for others Accommodator feels uncomfortable with conflict High concern for self, low concern for others Competitors possibly turn conflict into a win-lose situation ? (2) Accommodation ? ? (3) Competition ? ? 23 ? (4) Compromise ? ? Moderate concern for self and others Compromisers may give up something so both can have partial satisfaction. High concern for self and others Involves a sincere effort to find a solution that will maximize the satisfaction to both parties Conflict is viewed as a mutual problem to be solved as effectively as possible 24 ? (5) Collaboration ? ? ? 7. Supportiveness What is the most supportive utterance or gesture you have ever met? Empathy is important ? Verbal communication ? â€Å"Cry if it makes you feel better. I will be there for you. † ? ? Nonverbal ? a hug or a touch at shouldersJust â€Å"borrow your ears† patiently ? Empowering the person â€Å"I know you have been strong and tough. I believe that you can pass through the hard time. † 25 8. Dealing with difficult people If one of your group members doesn’t show much effort on the group project (e. g. , often late for the project meetings, submit work late), how can you deal with him/her? 26 Being assertive! ? Being patient, giving people more than one chance, and being empathic! ? Change your reality: just being she was short-tempered doesn’t mean it’s going to ruin my day! ? 27 Self-reflection! ? ? ? Can you express yourself truly while respecting other persons’ rights?Do you know how to resolve conflicts with othe rs successfully? Do you often show support to others when they are in need? 28 Work on your relationships with the knowledge. It’s only YOU who can bring about the betterments. 29 References Hanna, S. L. , Suggett, R. , & Radtke, D. (2007). Person to person: Positive relationships don’t just happen (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Rogers, C. (1980). A way of being. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Weiten, W. , & Lloyd, M. A. (2000). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment at the turn of the century (6th ed). Stamford, CT: Wadsworth. 30

Antigone – Essay 9

Aristotle defines a tragic hero as â€Å"having high estate, nobility of soul, ability to have free will, having tragic flaw, also somebody we are able to empathize with, a person who suffers from reversal of fortune, achieving enlightenment, accepting responsibility for his/her fall and being able to die bravely. † I am going to use Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero to support evidence to the character Antigone, in the play Antigone. To me, the tragic hero in the play is Antigone. Antigone, who is the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, becomes infuriated with Creon, who is the king of Thebes and her uncle. Creon will not allow Antigone's brother, Polynices, to be buried. Antigone tells her sister, Ismene, that she will defy Creon’s ruling even though she knows the consequences, which is death. The first on Aristotle’s tragic hero list is that the character â€Å"should be of high estate/class. † Antigone comes from high estate; she was considered a princess and was to be married to Creon’s son, Haemon. Though Antigone came from high estate/class, she still did not carry out the power to make changes; therefore, Antigone’s character of having high estate, yet no power, complies a little with Aristotle’s tragic hero. Second on Aristotle’s tragic hero list, was that the character â€Å"should have nobility of soul or tragic greatness. † Antigone showed nobility of soul because she stood-up for what she believed in knowing the outcomes would cost her life. An example of her nobility was when she first told her sister, Ismene, of what she was going to do. Antigone said, â€Å"I’ll bury him myself. And even if I die in the act, that death will be a glory. † I think that this quote shows nobility of soul, as well as, a tragic greatness. She saw it as glory to die for doing the right thing. (Line 85) Third on Aristotle’s tragic hero list, was that the character â€Å"should have free will and make important choices. † From the beginning of the play, until Antigone’s death, she kept her free will, as well as, making important choices for herself. When Antigone had gotten caught by the guards while burying her brother, she was taken to Creon to announce what she had done. There is a quote in there that shows how free willed of a person she was, Antigone says to Creon â€Å"Of course I did it. It wasn’t Zeus, not in the least, who made this proclamation—not to me†¦These laws—I was not about to break them, not out of fear of some man’s wounded pride, and face the retribution of the gods. † This quote by Antigone shows that she was capable of making her own choices, whether she would follow man’s law or the gods. She also showed that she was not afraid of the choices she made for herself. (Line 500) Aristotle’s fourth tragic hero listing is that the character â€Å"should have a tragic flaw or hamartia. Antigone made plenty of mistakes, her first one was defying Creon’s ruling. Though it was understandable why she made that choice, it probably would have spared her from going through all this trouble if she would have just asked Creon for a proper burial. Unfortunately, Antigone's stubbornness gets in the way of her thinking and results in her acting off of her emotions. Also, when it comes to Antigone’s dea th, if she would have not taken the matters into her own hand again, Creon had made the decision to free her and give her brother the proper burial. Yet, it is understandable that she does not want Creon to get satisfaction off of her death, as well as, not knowing that Creon would change his mind and actually side with her. Aristotle’s fifth tragic hero listing is that the character â€Å"should be someone with whom we can empathize. † Antigone had this down packed with the audience. The whole city empathized with Antigone and felt that â€Å"No woman ever deserved death less, and such a brutal death for such a glorious action. She, with her own dear brother lying in his blood she couldn’t bear to leave him dead, unburied, food for the wild dogs or wheeling vultures. Death? She deserves a glowing crown of gold! † I feel that quote right there sums it up. (Line 775) The sixth tragic hero listing that Aristotle feels is necessary, is that the character â€Å"should suffer a reversal of fortune (peripeteia), falling from a pinnacle to the depths. † Antigone was considered a princess and to be married to the king’s son, Haemon. After being caught by the guards, she was sentenced to death by the king, Creon. Now she is looked upon as a slave, not as a princess. She is treated like trash and looked down upon. She went from being of royalty to quickly being nothing. Antigone definitely serves the sixth tragic hero listing. The seventh tragic hero listing that Aristotle has is that the character â€Å"should achieve anagnorisis or enlightenment; should accept responsibility for his/her fall. † Antigone takes responsibility when she is first brought to Creon and asked if she was the one to give Polynices a proper burial, Antigone responded with â€Å"I did it. I don’t deny a thing. † Then Antigone shows her commonality with humanity when she is arguing with Creon about the citizens feeling like she did about his ruling. For example, Creon says â€Å"You alone, of all the people in Thebes, see things that way. † Antigone replies with â€Å"They see it that way but defer to you and keep their tongues in leash. † (Lines 492, 570) The last trait that Aristotle has listed that the tragic hero should carry is that the character â€Å"should die bravely. † Antigone died for love, for respect and for doing what she and many others believed what was right. She did not bravely give her life to defy one man’s wants; it just unfortunately came down to her having to do that. Antigone gave up â€Å"†¦bridal-song, the bridal-bed, denied all joy of marriage, raising children—deserted by loved ones, struck by fate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  just to give her brother, Polynices a proper burial. I think she clearly defines dying bravely. (Line 1009) In conclusion, the tragic hero in the play Antigone is herself, Antigone. Antigone shows how her character meets the requirements of Aristotle’s tragic hero, as well as, many other aspects that we find in a common hero. Antigone, from the beginning to the end of the play, lived and died for what she believed in.

Darker Side Of Robert Frost Essays - Robert Frost, Mending Wall

Darker Side Of Robert Frost Essays - Robert Frost, Mending Wall Darker Side Of Robert Frost Robert Frost is often referred to as a poet of nature. Words and phrases such as fire and ice, flowers in bloom, apple orchards and rolling hills, are all important elements of Frost's work. Remove them and something more than symbols are taken away. These benign' objects provide an alternative way to look at the world and are often used as metaphors to describe a darker view of nature and humans. In Frost's poetry, the depth is as important as the surface. The darker aspects of Frost's poetry are often portrayed through the use of symbolism, vivid imagery, and selective word choice. Frost's poems appear to be simple on the surface, yet upon further scrutiny the poems reveal themselves as elusive. Frost utilizes ordinary objects to create a deeper meaning. For example, the poem Mending Wall, appears to be about the differences between two neighbors and their ideas on rebuilding a wall. On the other hand, the wall may be viewed, in a more general sense, as a symbol to represent all the antagonistic or mistrustful barriers that divide man from man. The gaps I mean / No one has seen them made or heard them made / But at spring mending-time we find them there (lines 9-11), illustrates the point that people become separated without even realizing it because we become so caught up in what is happening in our own lives. The darkness, held within the afore mentioned quotation, is the feeling of sadness. The fact that we do not take notice of one another creates a place that becomes more and more divided by differences. Likewise, the poem Nothing Gold Can Stay seems to represent the change of seasons. But further analysis reveals that the speaker is also paralleling the cycles of life with the change in seasons. So dawn goes down to day (7) illustrates that in life as in nature, golden moments fade away. Then leaf subsides to leaf (5) implies autumn, when the leaves begin to turn gold and fall to the ground. The color gold represents the end of life, whereas green represents new life. The poem also illustrates the loss of innocence. As the seasons change, life progresses and innocence can no longer be sustained. Autumn represents death. The changes in the color of the leaves are often viewed as beautiful even though it marks the end of a season. The end to human life creates overwhelming feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. Death, for some people, is a taboo subject. People are not overly comfortable discussing death because of the emotions evoked. Yet, Frost has the ability to create an awareness o f the subject by using the beauty of nature as a filter. Frost's darker side is also prevalent through the imagery of many of his poems. For example, the title of the poem Desert Places, stimulates images of loneliness, feelings of abandonment, and a general sense of isolation. The word desert is often associated with harsh living conditions and a place devoid of life. The word it', in The woods around it have itit is theirs (5), refers to the field and suggests that the field is just there. The animals are absent too - smothered in their lairs (6). The speaker is too absent-spirited (7) to matter. Thus, without the care of man and without the animals the field is deserted, desolated, and lonely. The closing line To scare myself with my own desert places (16), examines the manner in which people often fail to get in contact with aspects of their personalities which are undesirable or difficult to admit. For example, the constant struggle between one's inner feelings and the accepted social norms. Desert places also suggests that people have darkness within themselves. The absence of a meaningful self or lack of self-esteem may create feelings of isolation. Stopping by Woods on a Snow evening, also illustrates a dark complexity to Frost's works. The poem captures images of loneliness and indecisiveness by selective word choice. For instance, woods are sometimes connected with the unknown, darkness and isolation. The speaker also uses phrases such as, darkest evening and frozen lake to solidify the mood of aloneness. The speaker is

Wal-Mart Business Model Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart Business Model - Case Study Example It set-up giant all-in-one stores in small towns which quickly gained patronage because of the service that Wal-Mart associates provide and customers are able to buy the products they need in one convenient place. Today, Wal-Mart is the world's largest retailer with $345 billion in sales, with more than 176 million customers per week visiting its more than 6,500 stores worldwide, 61,000 suppliers and providing more than 3 million American jobs. (walmartstores.com 2008) Wal-Mart's continuing success may be attributed to Sam Walton's foresight in including information technology in its business model to facilitate organizational innovation. As early as 1966, Walton was recruiting IT professionals from IBM to help him wire his company. This led to innovations in just-in-time inventory, choreographed logistics and warehousing. (Beckham 2002) Wal-Mart's business model mandates that it provides the products and services that customers would want to buy. With the company's enormous data warehouse which includes customers' purchases, Wal-Mart knows what its customer wants and "it provides merchandise and designs its stores according to customer preferences." (Felgner 2006) In support of its objective of customer satisfaction, through technology, Wal-Mart is able to process more than 20 million customers per day, with credit card approvals done in less than a second. (Scheraga 2004) In 2000, Walmart.com was founded. Aside from fostering the ideals of its parent company, its additional goal is to provide easy access to more Wal-Mart with "more than 1 million products available online" and innovative services such as Music Downloads and Photo Services which allow customers to order online and pick-up at the nearest Wal-Mart, all available to Wal-Mart's customers 24/7. (walmart.com 2008) In 2001, Wal-Mart worked with NCR for the design and deployment of kiosks in the stores to help customers scan in items for bridal and baby registries, an innovation to improve customer service. According to Walton, "People think we got big by putting big stores in small towns. Really, we got big by replacing inventory with information." (Beckham 2002) In its industry, Wal-Mart is acknowledged for its legendary replenishment and forecasting system which Ron Ireland, one of the people who built it, says is what "retailers are scrambling to do today what Wal-Mart achieved years ago." (Hickey 2006) Because of Wal-Mart's use of technology, its inventory accuracy is above 96% vs. 70% for other food retailers. Wal-Mart has improved in-stocks, reduced holding inventory, reduced manual intervention and achieved much greater profit margins, according to Ireland. (Hickey 2006) All these cut down Wal-Mart's cost of operations and contribute to lowering selling prices for its customers. With Wal-Mart's employment of technology and e-Business practices of integration and synchronization among connected players, it is able to achieve operational efficiency and revenue enhancement, according to Ralph Drayer, former vice-president of Procter & Gamble. (Hickey 2006) "Wal-Mart's success is due not just to computers, but many other things besides: the late Sam Walton's entrepreneurship; his strategy of avoiding early competition by 'putting good-sized discount stores into little one-horse towns which everybody else was ignoring"; his insistence on saturating one area with stores before moving on to the next; his drive to keep costs

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How have changes in the world economy since 1945 affected room for manoeuvre of multinational firms - Essay Example The years 1945 and the early 1950 have experienced a fall in the multinational investments. One of the prominent reasons behind a fall in the foreign direct investments was spread of communism combined with the harsh impacts of World War II. There was a spread of Communism in the Eastern Europe in the late 1940’s, and China experienced it in 1949 (Jones, 2005, p.30). During the war, USA was the only country in which experienced a significant increase in foreign direct investments. However, there was an eventual fall in the investments followed by a dramatic growth of the domestic economy. After the World War II, there was a major geo-political division of the world. This division was between the capitalist West, the communist East and the Third World (Dicken, 2010, p.16). This division proved to be very important for the multinationals. This is because it was through this division that the companies determined their strategies to expand or to internationalize. An independent economic system was made by the Eastern Block, as it drew boundaries around itself and the Eastern European Satellites. This boundary was made so that the foreign companies could remain outside, hence they were entirely excluded (Jones, 2005, p.31). The Western Economic order was seen to be much dominated by the US. Western dominance advocated for liberalism at the same time they maintained strict protectionist policies. Moreover, the previously decolonized countries from the 1950’s were being colonized and this led to an unprecedented beginning of internationalization and the emergence of a global economy (Hewitt, 2000, p.289). Most of the countries consider themselves to have observed resurrection from the early 1950’s, when the USA was left in a unique powerful position. It was because of Bretton Woods’s system that dollar was set as gold convertible, which made it a major reserve currency of the world. Majority of

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Globalisations Effect on National Governance

Globalisations Effect on National Governance Globalisation has significantly reduced the ability of governments to govern. Do you agree? Discuss. Globalisation, according to Van Acker and Curran (2004), is the process of increasingly international integration and global interchange of trade, markets, products, ideas and other aspects of culture, which is triggered by technological innovations and â€Å"underpinned by shifting power relations that sees finance capital as relatively dominant and transnational corporations as very powerful vis-à  -vis the nation state† (p.3). It is obvious that globalisation has changed the world dramatically and its profound impacts can be seen in every aspect in our society. It brings about numerous positive influences including creating greater access to goods from all over the world; extending international and intercontinental exchanges, and improving economic development (Baines Ursah, 2009). However, great opportunities come with great threats. Many studies show that there is a clear connection between globalisation and unemployment and financial crisis; as well as with environmen tal problems and inequity (Madeley, 2009). Thousands of studies have been done by worldwide experts to analyse its influences upon economy, politics and sociology, yet the results are still highly diversified and paradoxical. Regarding globalisation’s impacts on politics, several scholars have claimed that, besides a number of advantages, it also results in various negative consequences for many countries’ governments (Daalder Lindsay, 2003; Van der Westhuizen, 2009). This paper strongly argues that globalisation notably weakens the ability of government to govern, especially in terms of the eruption of the internet, and the growth of terrorism – which are considered as by-products of globalisation. The essay also includes an opportunistic effect of globalisation in reducing corruption in certain governments. As a product, as well as a catalyst of globalisation, internet is a global system of many independent networks containing unlimited resources of information and services that can be accessed almost everywhere all around the world (Horner, 1997). With nearly three billion users worldwide, however, the rapid expansion of the internet has led to a global crisis of governance (Morozov, 2010). This happens due to the fact that the internet is operated without a central governing authority, as well as the borderless nature of itself (Rose, 2005). Additionally, many scholars argue that the management of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers a private non-profit organisation headquartered in the USA, over the domain name system – a crucial element for the function of the internet, has significantly reduced the power and governing ability of national governments, especially towards communication and information policy (Palfrey, 2004). Obvious examples are misinformat ion, illegal transaction, online piracy, copyright infringement, espionage, and cyber hacking that occur every second on the internet in which the government is not able to have a full control of (Galicki, Havens, Pelker, 2014), thus in this case, the government’s ability to govern is lessened and limited so remarkably that it is put on a high risk situation of being attacked. Another significant example relates to the Titan Rain cyber attack in 2004 in which several United States defence contractor computer systems, including those at NASA, the Lockheed Martin, Redstone Arsenal, and Sandia National Laboratories, were attacked and infiltrated in order to gain illegal access to military intelligence and classified data. This attack is believed to have its origin from Chinese government and is considered as one of the biggest cyber raids in the internet era (Miles, 2011). Another interesting case is the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa since 2010. This massive event, which was triggered partly by the online diplomatic cable leak in November 2010, includes a series of politic activities such as protests, demonstrations, riots, and civil war that led to mass government overthrown and changes throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings (Jones, 2012). These activities were extremely well-organised and wildly spread by the effectiv e use of social media and the internet (Jones, 2012). These evidences illustrate how vulnerable national governance can become when confronting with the eruption of the internet and globalisation. Another challenge of globalisation that reduces government’s governing ability is terrorism. According to Zimmermann (2011), there is a close connection between globalisation and the rapid growth of terrorism globally. The technological revolution and mass media, the interconnectedness between individuals and organisations, migration, all of which are associated with globalisation, play an important role for terror networks to strengthen and enlarge their power internationally. In particular, a globalised trade makes the arms trade more globalised, thus weapons can easily get into the wrong hands (Stohl Grillot, 2013). Moreover, thanks to technological advancement, the internet, and the high availability of inexpensive hi-tech devices and softwares, many terrorists and terror groups can easily spread fears and improve their impacts worldwide by creating their online existence, popularising videos and footages of terrorist acts such as roadside bombs, beheading, or executions. The use of these means also significantly enhances their communication potential more than ever. The most recent example of this is a series of beheading videos circulated online by a terror group named Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2014 (Porter, 2014). Using these videos with wide coverage, this group were successful in stretching fears and showing to those opposing them, especially the USA and other Western countries, how violent and powerful they are. Another famous case is Mustafa Setmarian Nasar – a first generation terrorist who attempted to accomplish everlasting influences by uploading his terrorist videos on the internet before being arrested in Pakistan in 2006 (Shlapentokh, 2012). These proofs have demonstrated how considerably globalisation can promote terrorism. The question needs to be answered now is how terrorism can negatively affect the capability of governments to govern. According to Kampf (2014), terrorism is defined as political violence involving political aims and motives from an illicit identifiable organisation, which is designed to generate terror and psychic fear by conducting acts of violence, such as brutal victimisation, and exploitation or non-combatant target massacre, in order to achieve certain desired goals. Such activities, with their intense political consequences, extremely reduce governments’ governing ability in different ways, and at different levels. Numerous recent studies have shown that terrorism can actively affect and shape the course of domestic politics by modifying the preferences of voters and voting behaviour during an electoral campaign. Terrorist activities also have strong impacts on government formation as well as its survival (Indridason, 2008). A salient example for this case is the unexpected victory of the Socialist party over the People’s party – the incumbent governing party, during the Spanish legislative elections in 2004. This surprised outcome is believed due to three terrorist bomb attacks on the Madrid train line that killed and injured hundreds of people, which happened just three days before the Election Day (Indridason, 2008). In addition to those hypotheses, William, Koach and Smith (2012) asserted that terrorist activities also harmfully impact the stability of parliamentary governments. Furthermore, some governments might become too sensitive and their duration could be shortened due to the effects of terror attacks. It is obvious that by contributing to the growth of terrorism, transitively, globalisation with all of its advanced products and components can seriously weaken the governing ability of certain governments, or even make them overthrown. Nevertheless, one can argue that globalisation can also bring opportunities for stronger governing abilities among certain governments. An important example of such positive impacts relates to reduced corruption, since corruption can threaten the legitimacy of the incumbent government and lead to public dissatisfaction (Seligson, 2002). Many studies have been done to analyse the relations between globalisation and corruption to find out either they are directly or inversely proportional to each other. Interestingly, most of them conclude the latter. By examining data from 127 countries, a research in 2011 claimed that globalisation is a powerful weapon to oppose corruption, especially for those countries with middle and high income (Lalountas, Manolas Vavouras, 2011). Similar results and findings have been made by Asongu in a recent research in 2014. Additionally, another study conducted in 2001, evaluating information from several countries during a twenty-year long period, demonst rated that the casual connection from openness to corruption is persistent and strong, and that openness can indeed lead to a reduction in corruption (Bussolo, Bonaglia Braga de Macedo, 2011). In conclusion, this paper has demonstrated that globalisation has significantly reduced the ability of governments to govern via its by-products such as the internet and by contributing to the growth of domestic and transnational terrorism in different ways. It also mentioned that globalisation can bring opportunities for countries to effectively reduce corruption. However, it cannot be denied that globalisation is an inevitable phenomenon and plays an important role in the development of every country in the world. Thus, it is crucial for governments to learn how to strengthen opportunities created by globalisation and view its many challenges as excellent opportunities to better cooperate with governments on a global scale to produce solutions for global problems, such as terrorism, internet security, sustainability, and global peace. These important areas suggest excellent topic areas for further research. References Asongu, S. (2014). Globalization (fighting), corruption and development. Journal of Economic Studies, 41(3), 346-369. Doi:10.1108/JES-04-2012-0048 Baines, H. V., Ursah, J. R. (2009). Globalization: Understanding, management, and effects. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Bussolo, M., Bonaglia, F., Braga de Macedo, J. (2001). How globalisation improves governance. OECD Publishing. Doi: 10.1787/774554632487 Daalder, I. H., Lindsay, J. M. (2003). The globalization of politics. The Brookings Review, 21(1), 12. Galicki, A., Havens, D., Pelker, A. (2014). Computer crimes. American Criminal Law Review, 51(4), 875. Horner, K. (1997). Internet: A definition. Retail Delivery Strategies, (8), 5. Indridason, I. H. (2008). Does terrorism influence domestic politics? Coalition formation and terrorist incidents. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 241-259. Doi: 10.1177/0022343307087183 Jones, P. (2012). The arab spring. International Journal, 67(2), 447. Kampf, Z. (2014). Newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Media and terrorism: Changing relationship, changing definitions. Sociology Compass, 8(1), 1-9. Doi:10.1111/soc4.12099 Lalountas, D. A., Manolas, G. A., Vavouras, I. S. (2011). Corruption, globalization and development: How are these three phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modelling, 33(4), 636-648. Doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.02.001 Madeley, J. (2009). Globalisation. Appropriate Technology, 36(1), 52. Miles, A. (2011). Why the Chinese cyber attack is the ultimate scare story? London: New Statesman Ltd. Morozov, E. (2010). The Internet. Foreign Policy, (179), 40. Palfrey, J. (2004). The end of the experiment: How ICANNs foray into global internet democracy failed. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 17(2), 409. Porter, B. (2014). What is ISIS? Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-12/what-is-isis/5518990. Rose, R. (2005). Introduction: The internet and governance in a global context. Journal of Public Policy, 25(1), 1-3. Seligson, M. A. (2002). The impact of corruption on regime legitimacy: A comparative study of four Latin American countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408-433. Doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00132 Shlapentokh, D. (2012). The intellectual and political exchange among jihadists: The case of Mustafa Setmarian Nasar (abu musab al-suri). Journal of Applied Security Research, 7(3), 301. Stohl, R., Grillot, S. (2013). The international arms trade. Hoboken: Polity. Van Acker, E., Curran, G. (2004). Governing business and globalisation. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education. Van der Westhuizen, C. (2009). Power and insecurity: The politics of globalisation. Hervormde Teologiese Studies, 65(1), 1-7. Williams, L. K., Koch, M. T., Smith, J. M. (2013). The political consequences of terrorism: Terror events, casualties, and government duration. International Studies Perspectives, 14(3), 343-361. Doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00498.x Zimmermann, E. (2011). Globalization and terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 27, 152-161. Doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.09.003